COGNITIVE ORIENTAION ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION

The assumption that there is in cognitive orientation in the psychology of communication is that one learning process will occur if an observed model that displays certain behaviors and earns rewards or penalties as a result of such behaviour. This observation will develop hope for what will happen if it performs the behavior. Some difficulties in communicating reflect a range of potential cognitive changes such as the following:

1. Difficulty concentrating and focusing

Problems in this field can lead to difficulties in communicating as follows, for example, can not concentrate on television programs that can usually be enjoyed so as to start to invite talk and mess up the focus of others who are also are enjoying the program. There may also be difficulties focusing on the conversation so that it often ends the conversation suddenly – or avoiding it at once. Failing to pay attention to the critical information that causes them to say unworthy and embarrassing, and having difficulty dividing attention between two or more activities.

2. Memory problems

Someone with a memory problem may find it difficult to access the information they know. This can affect the ability of such remembering words and remembering the names of people, which is very important to communicate socially. Failure to remember the name, face, or relevant information in a conversation can lead to embarrassment and consequently will avoid social situations.

3. Literal interpretation

Damage to the right part of the brain may cause a person's verbal interpretation ability to be very concrete and understand things literally. They may experience deficiencies to capture the meaning of humor and sarcasm and skip the implied meanings in the conversation. This issue could result in a person receiving the message the wrong way. It can also misunderstand the common expressions that people use.

4. Decreased logic and problem solving ability

Changes in problem solving capabilities can result in a problem when one cannot use the language to think thoroughly and solve the problem. This could cause them to use wrong judgment and wrong decisions as well. Inadequate and incapacitated inability to solve problems can also be caused by people experiencing difficulties in their conversational style, by failing to understand the logical viewpoint of others and becoming unflexible in his own opinion.

5. Cognitive fatigue

The term is a long-term commonly used term in cognitive psychology as a consequence of brain injury. If one is exhausted, then it is often not able to manage its well-being especially in communicating. Reduced attention and concentration, they will be less able to think clearly and can be irritable and aggressive. Cognitive fatigue can also cause other communication problems such as aphasia, Dysarthia and dyspraxia of speech.

6. Slow processing of information

Cognitive orientation in communication psychology in the form of slow processing of communication is a common consequence of brain injury and could mean that a person cannot follow a fast-growing conversation. Often he would comment that he had difficulty when he was busy or when talking to more than one person.

7. Lack of social communication skills

Difficulties in social communication in particular are linked to brain frontal lobe injuries. Difficulties in this area may mean that one cannot recognize the social clues of the day – both verbal and non-verbal. There is a wide range of acceptable norms in any culture, and brain injuries may be able to affect a person's ability to effectively recognize and apply these norms.

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7 Way How to Deal with Body Shaming

1. Try to cover the shortcomings by highlighting the other side

One of the important things that you should avoid in the face of scorn of body shaming is to try to cover up that lack by highlighting the strengths that you have.

Like if you have short legs, then try to cover it up with long or more appropriate clothes.

Or by giving your side more like you have strong legs so you are agile enough to walk using high heels.

2. Ignore Each Other's Mockery

How to deal with other body shaming You can ignore and ignore every sneer from others, by replying with positive words and being able to be ignorant.

Let's just say they are jealous and feel jealous of the strength you have, and don't be a burden.

Just make it as a breeze and let it go! along with your indifference.

3. Associate with Different People

Try not to look afraid and afraid of what people say about you, so you should start looking for and associating with people who have differences with you.

Try to open up and before you decide who you hang out make sure they deserve to be made new friends.

It will be easy for you to adapt and forget about self-deficiency, because the environment that accepts you is.

4. Have a Perspective About the Meaning of Beauty and Perfection

Next in finding ways to deal with body shaming, you also have to have an assessment and perspective on the meaning of beauty as well as the perfection of different versions.

Don't because your imperfect physique thinks you are not pretty.

Open up your insights into the true meaning of beauty, after you know that you will feel more confident and believe you are not as bad as people say.

5. Positive Thinking With Deficiencies Owned

Every shortcoming that you have is not used as a barrier for you to enjoy life. Remember life is only once, so think about something more pleasant.

Not only because of the scorn of other people you are so easy to give up, every thing God creates has a good thing.

Likewise you have to be able to think positively about what you have, make your shortcomings as a life encouragement to achieve better.

While you are healthy and strong, multiply doing activities that you like, rather than thinking about things that are not important, for example you can travel, work properly and so on, so enjoy your life.

6. Leave People Who Think Badly

The way to deal with body shaming that you can do is to leave people who think badly about you.

Don't let them linger in your life, while you can stay away, and if you can't, then busy yourself with useful and entertaining activities.

Look for other friends who are able to accept you well and what they are. Just respond to them with smiles and positive words, and the important thing is that you have to have principles and assertiveness, don't let their words become emotions for you.

7. Love yourself

If you don't respect yourself, then no one else will. Therefore, love yourself as you wish.

Pamper yourself to get good things, don't let your shortcomings become your barrier to happiness.

Discover new worlds with friends and new partners that further color your life. So that you will feel comfortable and happy to face life every day.

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Why Forgot to Make You Smart ??

It is not uncommon for someone to experience a sudden forgetfulness or forget that it has become part of their daily lives. Whether it's forgetting small things such as places to store keys, glasses, wallets and other items, people's names and faces, forgetting promises or just forgetting information that has been learned in the past. Sometimes we also often forget what to do in the middle of activity. Forgetting that too often can indicate a disturbance in memory, but forgetting within the limits that are still reasonable can actually make the brain smarter.

The brain works as a series that communicates with each other at all times. Forgetting happens because of a pause in the communication that interferes with the ability to focus on one thing. Decreasing ability to remember may be due to interference or distraction. When someone tries to remember something, a new network will be formed in the brain to help the remembering process.

Forgot to be a sign of intelligence

The part of the brain that regulates cognition and controls memory as intended is the prefrontal cortex which is located behind the forehead. In this area the memory that is owned will be changed in two directions namely stronger or weaker. The cause of forgetting is the increasingly weak memory. In several studies, it was revealed that forgetting something is normal and can actually make it smarter. The reasons for forgetting to make you smart include:

1. Maintain important information

Forgetting usually occurs because old memory is replaced by new memory, because the formation of new brain cells formed in the hippocampus area is related to the process of learning new things. Old memory will be difficult to access because it is overwritten by the new cell. Changing the old memory with the new one will allow you to maintain important information and release less important information.

2. Adapting to new situations

Old information that is discarded and replaced with new information will make it easier for you to adjust to the new situation, which certainly gives a lot of torrential new information to your brain. Without the old information that is less relevant, then you will not be confused to determine which information is in the brain that can be used.

3. Make the right decision

Forgetting old information replaced by new information will help you to make the right decision. The reason why forgetting to make you smart is to forget old information that is not related, the brain can freely process the information needed in accordance with the current state.

4. Get rid of misleading information

The reason why forgetting to make you smart is when the brain releases outdated information, it will allow us to adapt new situations. By forgetting old information and potentially misleading, we will be easier to maneuver in an environment that continues to change. If you try to go through life and continue to get misleading information, confusing and overlapping memories, it will be increasingly difficult to make the right decisions.

5. Discard useless information

Making smart decisions does not mean you have to have all the information at once, only means that you need to know the most valuable information. That means cleaning up the space in your memory for the most recent information. Forgetting is a process of discarding that information so that your brain will only store data that will help and be relevant to the present.

6. Help see the big picture

When you forget names or details, the brain is making choices that the details are not very meaningful. The researchers found that the human brain facilitates decision making by stopping us from focusing too much on less important past details. The brain actually promotes generalizations to help remember the most important aspects. One of the things that distinguishes the environment you will want to remember with an environment where you want to forget a few things is how consistent the environment is and how likely certain events return to your life.

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7 characteristics of a person have been exposed to job insecurity

The theory of Job Insecurity was first delivered by Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt in 1984. They compiled a theoretical model of the meaning of Job Insecurity, and further examined the factors that caused Job Insecurity and its impact. hey define Job Insecurity as "the powerlessness felt by employees to maintain their work continuity in the midst of a threatened work situation" (Sverke, 2006)

Smithson and Lewis (2000) interpret job insecurity as the psychological condition of a person (employee) who shows a sense of confusion or feels insecure because of perceived impermanance. This condition arises because of the many types of work that are temporary or contract work. The increasing number of jobs with a temporary or non-permanent duration of time causes more employees to experience job insecurity.

Here are  features Someone Affected by Job Insecurity.

1. Feel threatened and nervous

Employees in developed countries also experience increasing insecurity due to instability in their employment status and an increasingly unpredictable level of income. As a result of the various changes that occur within the organization, employees are very likely to feel threatened, anxious, and insecure because of the potential for change to affect the working conditions and the continuation of the relationship and service received from the organization.

2. Insecurity

Insecurity in work can be divided into two categories, namely subjective and objective. Objectives that are insecure are generally associated with clear indicators such as job tenure, to determine the stability of employees in the organization. While subjective security is relatively difficult to observe directly because the indicators used are a threat to the loss of work and the consequences of the loss of the job, as perceived by the employee concerned. (Bryson and Harvey, 2000).

3. Lack of trust

Lack of trust in the organization will affect the morale and motivation of employees. The results of the study show that in job insecurity there are multidimensional elements. For example, many employees are not worried about losing their jobs, but what they are worried about is the loss of power they have for the work done or the opportunities offered by the job such as status or promotion.

4. Feel sad about the situation

There are several levels of situations that are felt to be insecure among employees. There are employees who feel insecure but are paid high because their expertise is rarely owned by people (eg computer experts such as antidotes to hackers). Such individuals have high high employment security, but job security is low.

There are also employees who have work contracts but feel insecure about how long the contract can be extended. Impermanance conditions and the existence of such certainty make job insecurity affect employees, especially young ones (Smithson & Lewis, 2000).

5. Feel helpless

The level of threat felt by employees regarding aspects of work such as the possibility of getting a promotion, maintaining the current wage level, or getting a wage increase. Individuals who assess certain aspects of work that are threatened (there are likely aspects of the work to be lost) will be more agitated and feel helpless.

6. The spirit of work decreases

the job is for individuals. How important this aspect of work is for an individual influences the level of insecure or insecurity. The level of threat of the possibility of occurrences of events that negatively affect the overall work of an individual, such as being fired or transferred to another branch office.

8. Feel disappointed

Individuals develop attitudinal and emotional bonds to the organization over time which emerge in the form of high levels of commitment and trust. Negative changes that occur in the aspects of the work and threaten the whole job will make employees redefine their compatibility and ties with the organization. Disappointment at the organization will release employee identification with the organization.

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6 Jobs for You Who Study Forensic Psychology

Even though various cases relating to the criminal justice process often relate to various problems, but as legal issues. In fact, many legal problems require roles. Contributions in the field of forensics actually cover a very broad study area, starting to study the profiles of offender professions, uncovering the neuropsychological, genetic, and developmental processes of perpetrators. Forensic Psychology Professional Job. The following will present the duties of the forensic psychology profession at each stage of the criminal justice process and 11 Work for You Who Study Forensic Psychology.

1. In the police

As explained earlier, the task of the police in criminal justice is to investigate and investigate (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia, 1982). In certain cases psychologists can be asked for help so that the information obtained is close to the truth. Forensic psychologists can assist police investigations with perpetrators, victims and witnesses.

2. On the offender

Forensic psychologists can assist the police in conducting interrogations (Bartol & Bartol, 1994; Constanzo, 2006; Gudjonsson & Haward, 1998; Putwain & Sammons, 2002), making criminal profiling, detecting lies (Constanzo, 2006). Help forensic psychologists in questioning the perpetrators to admit their mistakes. Usually if the police deal with it, then the technique used is the old model, which uses violence as a threat to the perpetrators who are interrogated, if the perpetrator shows signs of lying then the police will hit or slap the perpetrator, essentially hurting physically in the hope that the perpetrator will say honest.

3. Skill checks data and autopsy

This skill is very necessary to check data, perhaps between the perpetrator and the victim or with other informants. In addition, for cases that are still ambiguous between victims who committed suicide or were killed, forensic psychologists can enter as experts to conduct autopsies. The way to do an autopsy is to assess the source of the evidence, indirectly, such as the record left behind by the deceased, data from a friend or family of the victim.

The purpose of the psychology autopsy is to reconstruct the emotional state, personality, mind and lifestyle of the deceased. Until it can be drawn several hypotheses to help the police in deciding whether the victim is suicidal or killed.

5. At the prosecutor's office

Forensic psychologists can assist prosecutors by providing information related to the psychological condition of the perpetrator and the victim. In cases of domestic violence with the condition of the victim experiencing severe psychological trauma. Information on forensic psychology about the psychological condition of the victim can be used as a basis for prosecuting the perpetrator. Psychologists can also provide training to prosecutors related to the style of asking witnesses, victims and perpetrators. Ancok (1995) suggests that the questioning style of prosecutors will lead to misinformation.

6. Medical examiner (medical examiner)

Usually the fees for this profession are very high. However, being a medical examiner means you have to go through a long period of study, be able to handle mutilated corpses, and undergo irregular working hours.

Although there are routine and boring protocols, sometimes clever criminals who use unusual killing techniques can make you feel challenged in solving cases. To undergo this profession, you must have a medical degree. A bachelor's degree in biology or chemistry can also be a basis. Take forensic concentration.

Especially for odontological forensics, you must have the basis of dental education. Usually, this profession is a part-time consultant.

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How To Increase Self Confidence

The Importance of Having Confidence. Confidence is a must in each person. Why? If it's not us who believe in ourselves, then who else? In addition, having confidence brings benefits that we rarely expect. First, having confidence makes us able to show who we are. Confidence is not the same as arrogant, but pride can be seen from excessive self-confidence. Having confidence makes it easier for us to interact with many new people in a new environment. Imagine if we were always pessimistic about ourselves, other people would think twice about getting to know and trust ourselves.

The second benefit of having self-confidence is making us as individuals who are not easily affected. Why? Confidence arises from self-confidence, plus if we have firm and realistic thoughts. If the inner foundation is strong, any temptation will not easily affect us. In addition, believing in yourself is proven to make us become optimistic individuals, thinking broadly that we are able to do things like other people do. In the end, we tend to be open to doing new things and not afraid to fail. Even if we fail, we can think that this is a stepping stone to achieving further success.

And How To Increase Self Confidence?

1. Be aware of talent

The first way to increase self-confidence is to realize talent. Everyone has it. Study what your talents are, it could be tucked into the hobby you are living now. One of the mistakes of people, almost everyone, is not recognizing their talents. We know that everyone has weaknesses, but everyone also has advantages. The way of life of each person is different and that is what makes everyone not the same.

The first way to gather confidence is to recognize yourself. What are my strengths and weaknesses? What do i like What did I quickly learn? Such questions will make people able to judge themselves, identify plus and minus values, and develop positive things in themselves.

2. Develop talents that you have realized

Don't feel talented? Then try to focus on developing a hobby that you are now doing! Identifying what is superior or talent is a problem for some people. It's difficult to judge which of the talents or strengths can be optimized. In fact, this can be reflected easily, for example through everyday life.

Watch what you like and you do intensely. Slowly identify and realize everything you do happily even if you have to take up your time or energy. One or two of these things can be your talents or interests. Both are important points that you can develop. For example, you might not mind writing a long story or hobbies reading news and following a case while studying it. This can be an example of talent (writing, or as a detective). Even simple things like this can be a positive thing that must be developed. What for? Of course to foster that confidence.

3. Learn to think positively

There is no advantage of negative thinking. Thinking bad things will only waste time. Thinking negatively or pessimistically does not help the problems we face, instead it worsens. As a result, instead of getting enlightenment or a solution to the problem at hand, we face a phase where we are filled with thoughts of bad fantasies that might happen - but not necessarily, even impossible!

5. No need to compare yourself with other people.

The disadvantage that almost everyone has is comparing themselves with others. Seeing and judging others is certainly a much easier job than having to judge yourself. Unfortunately, these judgments often do not see the whole life course of the other person and often the best part is seen. As a result, we often give very good value to others, but not to ourselves. Everyone has their own way of life.

also read (What Is Psychology??)

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Functional Approach in Psychology (Part 2)

Continue from the previous article Functional Approach in Psychology there is the next function approach in psychology:

5. Experience Approach

Experience can be said to be a soulless teacher but always sought after by everyone who is also very important for the development of memory in children. Learning from experience will be better than just talking and never doing it at all. Learning becomes a reality that is shown in physical activity. Although experience is needed and sought during life, but in reality, not all experiences are educational. An experience can be said not to educate if educators do not bring children towards educational goals. Characteristic features of educational experience are centered on a goal that has meaning for children, is interactive with the environment while being able to increase children's integration. Given the very high value of experience, it is necessary to realize that this is very important for the development of the child's soul so that experience can be used as a method of approach in psychology and the characteristics of special intelligent children can be seen. It can be said if the experience approach is the approach taken by educators by giving examples of some experiences in students to instill the value of education. For example, Islamic education will be carried out with a religious approach, namely students who are given the opportunity to gain religious experience either individually or in groups. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are required to perform fasting.

6. Habitual Approach

Habit for students is also very important because with habituation, it eventually becomes an activity that will be owned by the child at the same time to overcome the causes of mental weakness in children. Good habits will shape human beings with good personalities and vice versa. Unlike adults, children think more abstractly and they can only think concretely. Small children who do not have strong memory can quickly forget everything that has happened. Their attention is also easier to divert to new things that are preferred. Children do not have an obligation but already have the right as one of them provides education which is a way of giving good habits to their lives. With this habituation, it will also affect the school environment and the community. For this reason, the teaching method that must be considered is a method of training or drill, execution of tasks, demonstrations and also direct experience in the field.

7. Rational Approach

An important effort for educators is to give a role to reason or ratio when understanding and accepting the truth of religious teachings, including also to understand the wisdom and function of the teachings of religious psychology. Because reason or ratio is finally used as a rational approach to the interests of education and also teaching in schools. To support the use of this approach, the teaching method must be adjusted to the age level. For example, about proving something related to religious issues must be adjusted to the level of thinking of the child. Proof of error can later be fatal to the soul of the child so that the most important effort for the teacher is to give a role to reason or ratio to understand and accept the truth of religious teachings, including also understanding the wisdom and function of religious teachings.

8. Emotional Approach

Emotions in psychology are psychiatric symptoms that are in a person that are related to feelings. Someone who has feelings can certainly feel something both physical feeling or spiritual feeling. In addition, there are also intellectual feelings, aesthetic, social, ethical feelings and feelings of self-esteem. Feelings are a function of the soul in order to be able to consider and measure things according to pleasure or unhappiness, have the nature of being happy and sad, strong and weak, long and brief, relative and not standing alone as a statement of the soul. This emotional approach aims to attempt to arouse feelings and also the type of emotions students believe in, understand and appreciate their religious teachings. To achieve the goal of this emotional approach, the methods that must be considered are the lecture method, story telling and sociodrama. For this reason, the emotional approach taken by educators to students is done through verbal stimuli such as stories, lectures, innuendo, ridicule, dialogue, news, orders, recommendations and so forth. While non-verbal stimulation is a form of behavior in the form of attitudes and actions.

9. Functional Approach

Science is a science that can shape a child's personality such as overcoming depression in children. Children will be able to feel the benefits of the knowledge that has been obtained at school. Children will later utilize the use value of a science for the sake of life. With this, the value of science is functional in the child. For example, religious studies given in class, will be implemented in the daily lives of students and also students can feel the knowledge that has been obtained at school.

10. Religious Approach

General subjects are very interested in the religious approach. The concept of personality in the psychology of religion aims to ensure that cultural values ​​of science are not secular, but that they are integrated with religious values. With the application of teaching principles such as the principle of correlation and socialization, educators can insert religious message messages for all general subjects. Educators must also master the teachings of religious teachings that are in accordance with the subjects held. For example, biology lessons that cannot be separated from the letter Yasin verses 37-40 are theorems of real propositions for supporters of religious approaches in physics.

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Family Influence on Children Moral Behavior

     

Humans are social beings, so in other words have rules and various restrictions. The boundaries in question are specifically matters relating to norms in society and in their social environment. In community life, families have a very important role. Families can greatly influence behavior and also how their members interact with others. In other words, the family is also a person's character can be formed properly. Especially the moral character and behavior of a child.

ALSO READ(Definition of Family Psychology and the Effects )

       About the process of socialization, the role of parents in family socialization is very important. Customs in the family are indeed very important things. Especially for the surrounding environment and in this case the pattern of parenting certainly has a role that is equally important as well. Every parent certainly wants their children to live well and be kept away from all kinds of bad influences. Making the nature of the child good and having good morals, parents really need to have arrangements regarding the lives of their own children. For this reason, we will briefly review some of the family's influences on children's moral behavior.

1. As a Child Character Builder

A family is the first school of a child. children's character can be formed from a family. Thus, in the family needs to instill positive things and a good variety of learning in children.

It certainly can shape the character of the child to be much better. In the role of family psychology it does require family assistance very well.

2. As a learning place to discipline yourself

Children are generally very good imitators. Especially about matters relating to self discipline. So that in a family it is necessary to provide appropriate learning and practice regarding discipline for children. So that later the moral of children will be far more developed towards a much better one.

3.As a Strong Character Former for Children

With the family effect on children's moral behavior, we can see that a child who is cared for and instills good things in his environment will be good too. In other words, the child can get quite a variety of influences. So that children can have far more personality traits that are far more powerful.

4. impact the Intellectual Level

Families who educate their children well, of course, will influence the intellectual side of the child. Children will be someone who has intelligence that is not owned by others. Especially when in the family always teach their children with good education.

In the psychology of education it will not be much related to families that educate their children very well.

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