LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Language is the center of all our lives and is regarded as a cultural tool that distinguishes humans from other species. In some ways, language is the behavior that allows the human singularity to arise such as religion and science. We use language to shop for supermarkets, get jobs, buy train tickets, compose emails, make calls, and so on. Language allows us to make friends, even enemies, pass the time of the day, and so forth. In daily life we produce and understand languages with levels that have been deemed appropriate.

No matter whether we are rich or poor, white or black, we need to have at least one language. It may be impossible to even imagine a place or situation in life where it does not use language to serve as an expression and communication tool. Language social and psychological functions are also crucial and become increasingly important. Perhaps even the language function in psychology becomes mixed with the language function in other areas. Some language functions in psychology include:

1. Communication function

The most basic language functions including the language function in psychology as we already know is to express something, attempt to express a change of statement, fear, delight, pain or confusion. In many cases the language also serves as a communication tool with other members of the group especially in hazardous situations. It is likely a response to an automatic instinct function, and is also found in lower organisms as well. At the human level, the role of communication carries a more crucial importance. 

2. Interpretive function

The language function in this psychology is very evident in the human life, when certain expressions serve as a stimulus to others to interpret certain situations. This interpretive function itself serves to restore the cognitive balance. If the stimulus itself creates a condition of uncertainty or new situation, interpretation can explain the situation and restore the balance. Certain interpretations will help put information in a proper position in a person's cognitive world. 

3. Control function

Speaking of control functions, there is a separate social dimension of individual dimensions. Slowly when a relationship is formed between a certain existence and stimulus it will result in a reaction. This is where there is a beginning of control occurring at a simple level, this control function may be accidental and realized but along with a person's growth and the more concentrated the environment, the language control function will be increasingly centered.

4. Remembering and thinking functions

Imagine if we were able to think and remember without using words. It is almost impossible to repeat back or remember, even think without using words and language. Language is what helps us to decode experiences, keep them and remember and resubmit them. Languages also help us translate the experience into thoughts and engage in the process in different types.

5. The discovery function of a person's name

One of the most important stepping stones in the development of a child is the discovery that it has a name and this is the beginning of self-identity, which will lead to the development of feelings like ' me ', ' I ', ' mine ', ' other people ' , ' not me ' and so forth. The discovery of a person's name is a language function in psychology that plays a crucial role in the overall psychological development of the individual. This is the beginning of self identity and effort to see oneself as an object. This is what essentially makes the difference between human and non human organisms, as well as between early childhood and an adult or disturbed adult person. The issue of self-concept formation and self-identity has been tested in greater detail elsewhere, but the important point to remember is that the very critical role is played by the language in self-development and development Psychology as a whole.

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7 characteristics of a person have been exposed to job insecurity

The theory of Job Insecurity was first delivered by Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt in 1984. They compiled a theoretical model of the meaning of Job Insecurity, and further examined the factors that caused Job Insecurity and its impact. hey define Job Insecurity as "the powerlessness felt by employees to maintain their work continuity in the midst of a threatened work situation" (Sverke, 2006)

Smithson and Lewis (2000) interpret job insecurity as the psychological condition of a person (employee) who shows a sense of confusion or feels insecure because of perceived impermanance. This condition arises because of the many types of work that are temporary or contract work. The increasing number of jobs with a temporary or non-permanent duration of time causes more employees to experience job insecurity.

Here are  features Someone Affected by Job Insecurity.

1. Feel threatened and nervous

Employees in developed countries also experience increasing insecurity due to instability in their employment status and an increasingly unpredictable level of income. As a result of the various changes that occur within the organization, employees are very likely to feel threatened, anxious, and insecure because of the potential for change to affect the working conditions and the continuation of the relationship and service received from the organization.

2. Insecurity

Insecurity in work can be divided into two categories, namely subjective and objective. Objectives that are insecure are generally associated with clear indicators such as job tenure, to determine the stability of employees in the organization. While subjective security is relatively difficult to observe directly because the indicators used are a threat to the loss of work and the consequences of the loss of the job, as perceived by the employee concerned. (Bryson and Harvey, 2000).

3. Lack of trust

Lack of trust in the organization will affect the morale and motivation of employees. The results of the study show that in job insecurity there are multidimensional elements. For example, many employees are not worried about losing their jobs, but what they are worried about is the loss of power they have for the work done or the opportunities offered by the job such as status or promotion.

4. Feel sad about the situation

There are several levels of situations that are felt to be insecure among employees. There are employees who feel insecure but are paid high because their expertise is rarely owned by people (eg computer experts such as antidotes to hackers). Such individuals have high high employment security, but job security is low.

There are also employees who have work contracts but feel insecure about how long the contract can be extended. Impermanance conditions and the existence of such certainty make job insecurity affect employees, especially young ones (Smithson & Lewis, 2000).

5. Feel helpless

The level of threat felt by employees regarding aspects of work such as the possibility of getting a promotion, maintaining the current wage level, or getting a wage increase. Individuals who assess certain aspects of work that are threatened (there are likely aspects of the work to be lost) will be more agitated and feel helpless.

6. The spirit of work decreases

the job is for individuals. How important this aspect of work is for an individual influences the level of insecure or insecurity. The level of threat of the possibility of occurrences of events that negatively affect the overall work of an individual, such as being fired or transferred to another branch office.

8. Feel disappointed

Individuals develop attitudinal and emotional bonds to the organization over time which emerge in the form of high levels of commitment and trust. Negative changes that occur in the aspects of the work and threaten the whole job will make employees redefine their compatibility and ties with the organization. Disappointment at the organization will release employee identification with the organization.

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How To Increase Self Confidence

The Importance of Having Confidence. Confidence is a must in each person. Why? If it's not us who believe in ourselves, then who else? In addition, having confidence brings benefits that we rarely expect. First, having confidence makes us able to show who we are. Confidence is not the same as arrogant, but pride can be seen from excessive self-confidence. Having confidence makes it easier for us to interact with many new people in a new environment. Imagine if we were always pessimistic about ourselves, other people would think twice about getting to know and trust ourselves.

The second benefit of having self-confidence is making us as individuals who are not easily affected. Why? Confidence arises from self-confidence, plus if we have firm and realistic thoughts. If the inner foundation is strong, any temptation will not easily affect us. In addition, believing in yourself is proven to make us become optimistic individuals, thinking broadly that we are able to do things like other people do. In the end, we tend to be open to doing new things and not afraid to fail. Even if we fail, we can think that this is a stepping stone to achieving further success.

And How To Increase Self Confidence?

1. Be aware of talent

The first way to increase self-confidence is to realize talent. Everyone has it. Study what your talents are, it could be tucked into the hobby you are living now. One of the mistakes of people, almost everyone, is not recognizing their talents. We know that everyone has weaknesses, but everyone also has advantages. The way of life of each person is different and that is what makes everyone not the same.

The first way to gather confidence is to recognize yourself. What are my strengths and weaknesses? What do i like What did I quickly learn? Such questions will make people able to judge themselves, identify plus and minus values, and develop positive things in themselves.

2. Develop talents that you have realized

Don't feel talented? Then try to focus on developing a hobby that you are now doing! Identifying what is superior or talent is a problem for some people. It's difficult to judge which of the talents or strengths can be optimized. In fact, this can be reflected easily, for example through everyday life.

Watch what you like and you do intensely. Slowly identify and realize everything you do happily even if you have to take up your time or energy. One or two of these things can be your talents or interests. Both are important points that you can develop. For example, you might not mind writing a long story or hobbies reading news and following a case while studying it. This can be an example of talent (writing, or as a detective). Even simple things like this can be a positive thing that must be developed. What for? Of course to foster that confidence.

3. Learn to think positively

There is no advantage of negative thinking. Thinking bad things will only waste time. Thinking negatively or pessimistically does not help the problems we face, instead it worsens. As a result, instead of getting enlightenment or a solution to the problem at hand, we face a phase where we are filled with thoughts of bad fantasies that might happen - but not necessarily, even impossible!

5. No need to compare yourself with other people.

The disadvantage that almost everyone has is comparing themselves with others. Seeing and judging others is certainly a much easier job than having to judge yourself. Unfortunately, these judgments often do not see the whole life course of the other person and often the best part is seen. As a result, we often give very good value to others, but not to ourselves. Everyone has their own way of life.

also read (What Is Psychology??)

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HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY : Effect of Technology on Human Behavior

technology and humanity

Technology has a quite important role in life and also human behavior, where technology is interpreted as the application of a science that can be linked in terms of communication, so technology does have a connection between community life and its relationship with others.

Technology does have a very important role for human life, where its influence can also affect human behavior. We have seen dependence on technology very often from various examples of everyday life, one of which is dependence on the internet and also computers. The influence of gadgets on children's psychology has a variety of adverse effects and also makes human behavior not good.


Technology can also be likened to a process, where in that case it is necessary to do various processes and also significant components. For example rigers (1986) which defines that communication technology is a hard tool, organizational structure and social values ​​used to collect, process and also exchange information with others. Like the use of Information Systems in psychology which is also still related to technology. For more details in this article we will discuss various technological influences on human behavior.

Also Read (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)

1. The emergence of a culture of plagiarism

Indirectly the technology will indeed make us find various sources or things very easily through the internet. Where this will further simplify and lead to a culture of plagiarism. Of course this is not good for the progress of the nation's children who can easily do plagiarism very easily, and that certainly will bring great results too.

2. The emergence of adult content easily

Before the advent of easy access to technology such as the internet, it was not so easy to access various adult content. It is clearly different from now, where we will be much easier to access various content and it will certainly be very dangerous for the mentality of the nation's children, which will affect people's behavior patterns in a bad direction.

3. Ease of fraud through the internet

The internet can trigger many scams that can be done through cyberspace. The influence of this technology will certainly have an adverse effect on the behavior patterns of the surrounding community. Where with technology can actually make it easier for fraudsters to carry out their actions online. Which of course will be very detrimental to the community later in the future.

4. Technology can make a community positive

The influence of technology on human behavior not only has a negative impact, but it can also have a positive impact, one of which can make a community or group that leads to a positive direction. For example, the buying and selling community on Facebook can certainly be used as a very good internet marketing container. Besides that, it can also gather various communities that share the same hobby, where besides being able to establish friendship and also can make a distinct advantage for fans or hobby owners alike.

5. Impacts on waste

The presence of internet technology can certainly make someone who was not consumptive to be much more consumptive, where the convenience of online shopping now does make everyone easy with the presence of online stores. Shopping can also be done very easily because of the presence of the internet, but this will actually lead to more wasteful nature and also a consumptive lifestyle for someone.

6. Doing work easier

Technology can also bring other positive impacts, one of which is the presence of this technology, our work will feel much easier and helped. Technology can also make the life of a nation more developed and not outdated and the presence of technology will greatly help the work of others.

7. Reducing human resources

The presence of technology can make human resources much less. Where sophisticated tools can now be easily created and made, moreover they can replace human work as well, so that they can lead to unemployment, of course this will have a very negative impact on one's life.

Read (How Psychology Came to Be What It Is Today)

8. Ease of making transactions

The presence of technology can certainly greatly facilitate us to conduct transactions in business. Where in making payments we do not need to come directly to the place of payment, and only by making transactions that rely on current technology can all payment processes be easily carried out. This of course can also have a positive impact on business progress.

9. Reducing social character


The influence of technology on other human behavior is that it can bring change to others, especially with the internet, someone is even more cool with his world, compared to the social life or real life that is in front of him. This certainly will have an impact on his social life in his environment, especially in family psychology and also the social psychological life around him.

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(INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)

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Process of Social Change in Community Psychology

Community psychology is based on concern for the relationship between the social system and the well-being of individuals in the context of the community. Community psychologists are engaged in a series of mental and social health problems through research and intervention in the public and private fields in the community environment. A community psychologist might find himself doing many roles in a wide range of backgrounds and substantive areas. They try to prevent problems even before they start, focus on problems simultaneously, care about the issues of social regulation and control, by increasing positive characteristics and the ability to overcome minority social groups, children and the elderly.

That's why social change in community psychology is closely related. People are involved and participate in social change more than ever in the present. Both elite forces and community psychologists have roles that involve changes in social structure in communities and groups. Community psychologists can operate as agents of effective social change, but they must be more vigilant, have the ability and be able to bear the possible effects of social design made by parties threatened by change.

Discussion on Social Change
Society consisting of a group of people will surely experience various kinds of changes that can cover various fields such as behavior patterns in organizations, structures in social institutions, changes in society, changes in power and authority in society, changes in social interactions and so on, including values ​​and social norms. According to Kingsley Davis, social change is a change that occurs in structure and function in society. Whereas Selo Soemardjan affirmed that changes in institutions within a community will also influence the social system including values, attitudes and behavior patterns that exist among community groups.

Social change can take the form of changes that are slow or fast, small or large, desired changes or unintentional or unwanted. Factors that cause social change in the psychology of the community can come from within and outside the community itself. Addition or reduction of population, the existence of new discoveries, conflicts in society, the existence of rebellions or revolutions in society are some of the causal factors originating from within. While the factors of social change in community psychology include those originating from the physical environment around humans, the occurrence of wars with other countries. And also due to the influence of culture from other communities. Some of the causes that influence social change in community psychology include:

Change Factor

The process of social change in community psychology will take place well if it gets the factors that support its progress. Factors that contribute to the progress of the change process include:

• Contact with other cultures
• Progress of the education system
• Appreciation of one's work and also the desire to progress
• There is tolerance for deviant actions in society
• Open community system
• Population heterogeneity
• There is public dissatisfaction in certain fields
• Future orientation
• Values ​​that improve people's lives
• Inhibiting Factors of Change

Conversely, the process of social change in community psychology can also be hampered to cause the process is not smooth due to certain factors, including:

• Lack of links with other communities
• The delay in the development of science
• Traditional people
• The existence of vested interests
• The fear that cultural integration will falter
• Prejudice against things that are alien or new
• Barriers to ideological differences, habits and values.

Also read (Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology)

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Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology

Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology

Because community psychologists often work on social issues, they often also work towards positive social change. The role of community psychology in applied psychology is part of the history of community psychology that needs to be known and cannot be separated. Watzlawik (1974) distinguishes between first order and second order change which often becomes a focus in the field of community psychology. The researchers revealed limitations to community psychology in the form of ecological aspects, cultural relations and diversity as well as focusing on social change /

• First Order Change - Positive change of individuals continuously in a certain setting or situation that aims to correct the problem that occurs, but the structure does not change. This aspect deals with existing structures, doing things more or less, and involves restoring balance.
• Second Order Change - Trying to adjust individuals with systems and structures involved in a problem, in other words, to match someone with their environment. The process of changing this system will take place qualitatively and intermittently. This aspect is in the form of creating new ways to look at things in full. The process requires new learning and often starts in informal systems.

An example of the difference between these two methods can be seen in one case that first order change will try to give a solution not to the immediate problem. Whereas second order change will change the relationship between individuals in the background of their daily lives in hopes. Things that need to be considered in the community approach are:

• Emphasis on the effects of social support and social pressure in society, as well as preventive and self-help measures.
• Pay attention to local empowerment and the importance of diversity and relations in culture. Also know about the benefits of studying sociology in psychology, the relationship of psychology to sociology, and the benefits of studying sociology which will still be related to the field of psychology.
• Emphasis on the community regarding personal abilities and strength as prevention of diseases and weaknesses.
• The community perspective emphasizes the research function that not only functions as a theory development, but also to emphasize policy and program evaluation and analysis, as well as for the development of society and science.

The community approach basically does not place or emphasize the disturbance that occurs in individuals and does not blame the environment entirely, but emphasizes the focus on the interactions of people and their environment. The goal is to reduce problems for individuals and empower individuals and groups to better adapt to the situation. That's where the importance of aspects of social change in community psychology. The real role of community psychology is to conduct research that aims to identify community problems and analyze them, create patterns for social services, evaluate certain social programs, examine community attitudes, and actively participate in social development programs by designing social environments that will minimize the difficulty of adjustment.

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INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Edward L. Thorndike 

Instrumental Conditioning Theory

Learning Theory in the next Psychology is instrumental conditioning. Other types of learning have many similarities to the types of learning with classical conditioning as above, referred to as instrumental conditioning or operant conditioning. The operant term derived from English refers to how an organism operates in an environment. Therefore, instrumental conditioning comes from how an individual responds to what is faced in his environment. This can be simplified as the thought that learning is a natural result of our actions.

In instrumental conditioning itself is divided into 2 types, namely:

The strength of a behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior itself such as reward or punishment
This behavior is controlled by its predecessor, referred to as a discriminatory stimulus, which then gives rise to a response
Although instrumental conditioning and classical conditioning are both controlled by stimuli originating from the environment, both are different things.

In instrumental conditioning, a stimulus arises when a behavior is rewarded or punished which functions to control that behavior. For example, a child will learn to open a box or jar to pick up candy that is in it, or learn not to hold a hot stove. In this example, boxes or jars and stoves are discriminatory stimuli.

Meanwhile in classical conditioning, a stimulus that indicates a particular event will cause reflexive behavior. An example is the sound of a slamming door indicating the anger of a parent that makes a child tremble.

Edward L. Thorndike 

Intensive research on instrumental conditioning was carried out by Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) who studied and observed the behavior of cats who tried to remove themselves from a puzzle box that they made themselves. A cat can pull itself out of a box with a simple response such as pulling a rope or pushing a pole, but when the first time he is inside the box, a cat will take longer to get out.

With repeated experiments, ineffective responses to exclusion from the city become more rare and on the contrary effective resonations become more frequent, so the cat can come out in a shorter time.

Thorndike then concluded in his theory, namely the law of effect which states that behavior followed by pleasant effects tends to be repeated and that gives unpleasant consequences more likely not to be repeated or avoided. In short, some consequences will reinforce a behavior and some will weaken behavior. By measuring the time to get out of the box compared to the number of trials, Thorndike produced the first animal learning curve ever made with this procedure.


Humans seem to learn a lot of simple behaviors through the learning process as researched by Thorndike. In this case, responses are maintained when they give satisfactory results and are abandoned or discarded when they do not produce satisfactory results or unwanted results. This usually happens unplanned by any teacher, but instrumental conditioning has been used by parents in educating their children since thousands of years ago.

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CLASSICAL THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Plato (428-347BC)

PLATO

Plato (428-347 BC) asks the question of how an individual learns a new thing for that individual? Maybe this is a simple question but consider the human brain as a computer. So, the question above will change to how can a computer receive factual information without previous program ?

Plato then gave an answer to his own question. He made a statement that knowledge already existed at birth and all information that was learned by someone was merely a re-concentration of something previously learned. This theory was then called the Platonic epistemology. This answer will be further justified by paradox.

In this case, when someone knows something then he does not need to question it, whereas if someone does not know something then he will not question at all. So, according to Plato, if someone doesn't know something, they won't be able to learn it. Plato describes learning as a passive process in which information and knowledge are integrated into the soul through the process of time.

But Plato's theory raises more questions about knowledge. One of the most important questions is, if humans can only learn something that we already know in the soul, then how does the human soul get that knowledge at first? Plato's theory seems rather convoluted but is still a theory used to help explain knowledge until now.

JOHN LOCKE

John Locke (1632-1704) offered answers to questions raised by Plato above. According to John Locke, humans are born into the world like a piece of pure white paper, that is, when they are born, humans have no knowledge. However, John Locke believed that there was something that humans had during their birth, namely mental strength.

In John Locke's view, this mental strength is a biological ability that has existed since humans were born as babies, such as how a baby knows about his body's biological functions when he was born. After the baby is born, he will get various experiences from the surrounding environment and then the whole experience is "written" on the "sheet" of the baby. The whole experience will eventually lead to abstract and complex ideas. This theory is still a theory that is often used to understand the current learning process.

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THEORY OF PSICHOLOGY

Learning theory in psychology is a conceptual framework in psychology that is concerned with how knowledge is absorbed, then processed and then maintained in the learning process. The influence of cognitive, emotional and environmental as well as previous experience are factors that play an important role in understanding or forming global views, also things that are acquired and knowledge and expertise are maintained and developed. 

 Human behavior experts view learning as an aspect of conditioning that will support a system of rewarding and achieving targets in the world of education. Educators also adhere to cognitive theory which believes that the definition of education as a behavior change is too narrow and prefers to study students rather than their environment and especially is the complexity of human memory. Then, those who support constructive theory believe that the ability of a learner to learn is very dependent on how far things have been learned and known beforehand and the acquisition of knowledge must be built with adjustments that differ from one individual to another. Transformative learning theory focuses more on the occurrence of changes that are often things that are needed in the prejudices and views of students towards the world. 

 Outside the world of educational psychology, there are a variety of techniques used to directly observe the functions of the human brain during the teaching learning process, such as event-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging used in educational neuroscience. In 2012, such research has begun to support the theory of multiplicity, where learning is seen as an interaction between different functional areas in the brain, each with its own strengths and weaknesses that vary between students and other students. The various theories in learning can be seen in the discussion below:
1. classical theory
2. classical conditioning theory
3. Instrumental Conditioning Theory
4. social learning

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Ivan Pavlov : Classical Conditioning Theory of Psychology

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) found out about one type of how to learn psychology, that is classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who discovered this theory when he did research on the digestive system. Pavlov's research aims to better understand digestive patterns in dogs.

In his research, Pavlov experimented with dogs. He put meat powder in the mouths of dogs whose various bodies had been inserted in a tube to know the response of the dogs. The thing he found was that the dogs began to emit water before the meat powder was given to them. Then, the dogs will start salivating when the person carrying the meat powder enters the room. Pavlov then became interested in this and left his research on the digestive system to focus on what became his famous theory of classical conditioning.

Pavlov then began the experiment by making a pair between the sound of a bell and powdered meat. He will ring the bell and give the dog meat powder. he found that the dog would begin to salivate when he heard the sound of a bell, even when there was no meat powder. Because meat powder automatically causes saliva to be released, it is called a stimulus that is not conditioned or unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response. On the other hand, a bell is called a stimulus conditioned or conditioned stimulus and saliva is released because the bell is called a response which is conditioned.

Basically this finding supports the idea that humans construct responses to various stimuli that do not occur naturally. When we touch a hot object such as a fire on a stove, we will instinctively pull our hands. This happens without going through the learning process. But why do some people who have experienced this pull their hands from the stove even when the stove hasn't been turned on?

Humans make all of these associations every time and often do not realize how powerful this relationship is created with their behavior. The real fact is that humans have been and can be conditioned classically like the theory revealed by Pavlov.

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