COGNITIVE ORIENTATION THEORY BY BANDURA

Cognitive orientation in communication psychology in the theory of Bandura has a beginning of various ideas regarding different theories as follows:

• Model of Causation/Model cause – Human adaptation in this theory model is explained through the term ' triadic reciprocal causation ' or ' triadik reciprocity. This Model illustrates the continuous interaction between environmental, behavioral and personal factors.
• Symbolizing ability/Symbolizing Capability-This theory Model describes the human capacity to be free from the learning process in the form of ' trial and error ', where the symbolization allows individual abstract thinking to prescribe an experience that May occur, tested with rational thinking.
• Vicarious Capability – states that one can learn behavior by observing the actions of others and the consequences of that action. Human-owned skills to learn that are derived will impede the learning process while conducting to achieve behavior.
• The ability to think – the behavior of the human being partly has a specific purpose and is therefore governed by the thought that has occurred. Thought will require reflection on the consequences of action, setting goals and planning what actions will be taken. Individuals will realise the concept of thought and outcome and create motivation or even barriers to direct the selection of what action to take.
• Self-regulating ability – the combination of standard personal and community standards is used for self-evaluation and can be changed according to the needs. Self-monitoring will be expected to have an effect on the motivation or inhibitory experienced by a person when he or she is considering a particular action.
• Self-reflection ability – people evaluate their behaviour and adjust according to the consequences that will be experienced and also adhered to the standards from within and outside. This is part of the individual's perception of their competence. Self-reflection emphasized by Bandura can produce the wrong mindset.
• Human Nature – This trait comes from genetic factors that can affect potential behaviour. Therefore human action is a combination of cognitive abilities that have been studied with the psycho-physiological factors that were brought from birth.

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LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Language is the center of all our lives and is regarded as a cultural tool that distinguishes humans from other species. In some ways, language is the behavior that allows the human singularity to arise such as religion and science. We use language to shop for supermarkets, get jobs, buy train tickets, compose emails, make calls, and so on. Language allows us to make friends, even enemies, pass the time of the day, and so forth. In daily life we produce and understand languages with levels that have been deemed appropriate.

No matter whether we are rich or poor, white or black, we need to have at least one language. It may be impossible to even imagine a place or situation in life where it does not use language to serve as an expression and communication tool. Language social and psychological functions are also crucial and become increasingly important. Perhaps even the language function in psychology becomes mixed with the language function in other areas. Some language functions in psychology include:

1. Communication function

The most basic language functions including the language function in psychology as we already know is to express something, attempt to express a change of statement, fear, delight, pain or confusion. In many cases the language also serves as a communication tool with other members of the group especially in hazardous situations. It is likely a response to an automatic instinct function, and is also found in lower organisms as well. At the human level, the role of communication carries a more crucial importance. 

2. Interpretive function

The language function in this psychology is very evident in the human life, when certain expressions serve as a stimulus to others to interpret certain situations. This interpretive function itself serves to restore the cognitive balance. If the stimulus itself creates a condition of uncertainty or new situation, interpretation can explain the situation and restore the balance. Certain interpretations will help put information in a proper position in a person's cognitive world. 

3. Control function

Speaking of control functions, there is a separate social dimension of individual dimensions. Slowly when a relationship is formed between a certain existence and stimulus it will result in a reaction. This is where there is a beginning of control occurring at a simple level, this control function may be accidental and realized but along with a person's growth and the more concentrated the environment, the language control function will be increasingly centered.

4. Remembering and thinking functions

Imagine if we were able to think and remember without using words. It is almost impossible to repeat back or remember, even think without using words and language. Language is what helps us to decode experiences, keep them and remember and resubmit them. Languages also help us translate the experience into thoughts and engage in the process in different types.

5. The discovery function of a person's name

One of the most important stepping stones in the development of a child is the discovery that it has a name and this is the beginning of self-identity, which will lead to the development of feelings like ' me ', ' I ', ' mine ', ' other people ' , ' not me ' and so forth. The discovery of a person's name is a language function in psychology that plays a crucial role in the overall psychological development of the individual. This is the beginning of self identity and effort to see oneself as an object. This is what essentially makes the difference between human and non human organisms, as well as between early childhood and an adult or disturbed adult person. The issue of self-concept formation and self-identity has been tested in greater detail elsewhere, but the important point to remember is that the very critical role is played by the language in self-development and development Psychology as a whole.

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7 Step How To Avoid Depression due to Work

On October 10, the whole world celebrated mental health day and the theme of mental health in workplace was raised to provide awareness for everyone if mental health for workers is very important. From the records of the World Health Organization, abbreviated WHO, there are around 300 million people in the world who are depressed and 260 million of them experience excessive anxiety, which disrupts their daily activities. Job demands are one of the main causes of depression, so the consequences of mental disorders until suicide are also increasing for workers in the creative world. If indeed you are experiencing this psychological problem, then several ways to overcome depression because of the following work you can do.

1. Take Holiday

The fatigue that occurs because of work that can later cause severe depressive traits will actually not disappear if you do not completely move away from the routine. For that you should, take the time to do holidays, especially holidays that can offer the beauty of nature and soothing weather like the mountains. With this, the stress generated from work can be released and you can return to work with a fresher mood and mind.

2. Meet the doctor

All types of depression such as those caused by marital failure, failure in relationships, work and various other types of depression can be overcome with anti-depressants and psychotherapy. Maybe, for how to deal with stress and depression it takes several trials to find the most appropriate drug to deal with the symptoms of depression experienced. This method is very well done so that later it can return to work properly. In fact, a study found that someone who consumed anti-depressants for eight weeks would be more productive so that they could work better than those not treated with anti-depressants.

3. Create a Good Work Environment

The condition of the work environment has an important role about the good and bad quality of employee performance results. If the work environment feels quite comfortable and communication between employees goes well, it will certainly provide more optimal job performance. But when the work environment is filled with chaos and is characterized by unfair competition between employees, depression and boredom will reduce work motivation day by day.

Also Read (How To Create a Good Work Environment)

For this reason, you should start good communication between employees in order to build stronger cooperation as a way to deal with severe stress and depression. With better communication, not only will the harmony of the team be maintained but also eliminate the depression experienced when working because each other will share and help to solve all work problems.

4.  Laughs

When you are at a point of saturation and are getting tired of facing work in the office that causes depression and mood disorders in psychology, then you should take a moment to laugh. Although it sounds very trivial, but laughing can actually make the body become more relaxed while reducing the level of stress and depression experienced. In order to be able to laugh, it can also be done easily like seeing a variety of funny videos even if only briefly or chatting with coworkers about things that can be entertaining.

5. Listening to music

Listening to music is one of the best ways to relieve stress and depression because of work. Playing music that you like has been proven to be able to relax your mind and improve your mood to work. Music itself can also affect not only the mind but also the body so that it becomes an easy way to deal with depression due to the work.

6. Apply a Healthy Lifestyle

You can also get rid of depression that is being experienced by implementing a healthy lifestyle. Changing lifestyles that make yourself more difficult is also important to do which is very good for overcoming signs of depression due to work. Also make sure that the life you live is done happily and passionately. Apply a healthy lifestyle in several easy ways such as eating regularly, sleeping regularly and also making sure to interact with other people. Also make sure if the environmental conditions are healthy so that you can feel comfortable, safe and can provide happiness.

7. Create Ergonomic Working Conditions

If the work space is arranged ergonomically, then the body will automatically be free from tension as well as the mind. If your arms are always bent during typing, make sure you are looking for a separate keyboard or you can use the mouse to relieve tension on the wrist and day. Place items that are often used near you to reduce tension just to find something that is needed. Also adjust your seat so that the body position can face straight to the computer screen and not make the neck feel tense because you have to look up or too down.

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7 characteristics of a person have been exposed to job insecurity

The theory of Job Insecurity was first delivered by Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt in 1984. They compiled a theoretical model of the meaning of Job Insecurity, and further examined the factors that caused Job Insecurity and its impact. hey define Job Insecurity as "the powerlessness felt by employees to maintain their work continuity in the midst of a threatened work situation" (Sverke, 2006)

Smithson and Lewis (2000) interpret job insecurity as the psychological condition of a person (employee) who shows a sense of confusion or feels insecure because of perceived impermanance. This condition arises because of the many types of work that are temporary or contract work. The increasing number of jobs with a temporary or non-permanent duration of time causes more employees to experience job insecurity.

Here are  features Someone Affected by Job Insecurity.

1. Feel threatened and nervous

Employees in developed countries also experience increasing insecurity due to instability in their employment status and an increasingly unpredictable level of income. As a result of the various changes that occur within the organization, employees are very likely to feel threatened, anxious, and insecure because of the potential for change to affect the working conditions and the continuation of the relationship and service received from the organization.

2. Insecurity

Insecurity in work can be divided into two categories, namely subjective and objective. Objectives that are insecure are generally associated with clear indicators such as job tenure, to determine the stability of employees in the organization. While subjective security is relatively difficult to observe directly because the indicators used are a threat to the loss of work and the consequences of the loss of the job, as perceived by the employee concerned. (Bryson and Harvey, 2000).

3. Lack of trust

Lack of trust in the organization will affect the morale and motivation of employees. The results of the study show that in job insecurity there are multidimensional elements. For example, many employees are not worried about losing their jobs, but what they are worried about is the loss of power they have for the work done or the opportunities offered by the job such as status or promotion.

4. Feel sad about the situation

There are several levels of situations that are felt to be insecure among employees. There are employees who feel insecure but are paid high because their expertise is rarely owned by people (eg computer experts such as antidotes to hackers). Such individuals have high high employment security, but job security is low.

There are also employees who have work contracts but feel insecure about how long the contract can be extended. Impermanance conditions and the existence of such certainty make job insecurity affect employees, especially young ones (Smithson & Lewis, 2000).

5. Feel helpless

The level of threat felt by employees regarding aspects of work such as the possibility of getting a promotion, maintaining the current wage level, or getting a wage increase. Individuals who assess certain aspects of work that are threatened (there are likely aspects of the work to be lost) will be more agitated and feel helpless.

6. The spirit of work decreases

the job is for individuals. How important this aspect of work is for an individual influences the level of insecure or insecurity. The level of threat of the possibility of occurrences of events that negatively affect the overall work of an individual, such as being fired or transferred to another branch office.

8. Feel disappointed

Individuals develop attitudinal and emotional bonds to the organization over time which emerge in the form of high levels of commitment and trust. Negative changes that occur in the aspects of the work and threaten the whole job will make employees redefine their compatibility and ties with the organization. Disappointment at the organization will release employee identification with the organization.

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6 Jobs for You Who Study Forensic Psychology

Even though various cases relating to the criminal justice process often relate to various problems, but as legal issues. In fact, many legal problems require roles. Contributions in the field of forensics actually cover a very broad study area, starting to study the profiles of offender professions, uncovering the neuropsychological, genetic, and developmental processes of perpetrators. Forensic Psychology Professional Job. The following will present the duties of the forensic psychology profession at each stage of the criminal justice process and 11 Work for You Who Study Forensic Psychology.

1. In the police

As explained earlier, the task of the police in criminal justice is to investigate and investigate (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia, 1982). In certain cases psychologists can be asked for help so that the information obtained is close to the truth. Forensic psychologists can assist police investigations with perpetrators, victims and witnesses.

2. On the offender

Forensic psychologists can assist the police in conducting interrogations (Bartol & Bartol, 1994; Constanzo, 2006; Gudjonsson & Haward, 1998; Putwain & Sammons, 2002), making criminal profiling, detecting lies (Constanzo, 2006). Help forensic psychologists in questioning the perpetrators to admit their mistakes. Usually if the police deal with it, then the technique used is the old model, which uses violence as a threat to the perpetrators who are interrogated, if the perpetrator shows signs of lying then the police will hit or slap the perpetrator, essentially hurting physically in the hope that the perpetrator will say honest.

3. Skill checks data and autopsy

This skill is very necessary to check data, perhaps between the perpetrator and the victim or with other informants. In addition, for cases that are still ambiguous between victims who committed suicide or were killed, forensic psychologists can enter as experts to conduct autopsies. The way to do an autopsy is to assess the source of the evidence, indirectly, such as the record left behind by the deceased, data from a friend or family of the victim.

The purpose of the psychology autopsy is to reconstruct the emotional state, personality, mind and lifestyle of the deceased. Until it can be drawn several hypotheses to help the police in deciding whether the victim is suicidal or killed.

5. At the prosecutor's office

Forensic psychologists can assist prosecutors by providing information related to the psychological condition of the perpetrator and the victim. In cases of domestic violence with the condition of the victim experiencing severe psychological trauma. Information on forensic psychology about the psychological condition of the victim can be used as a basis for prosecuting the perpetrator. Psychologists can also provide training to prosecutors related to the style of asking witnesses, victims and perpetrators. Ancok (1995) suggests that the questioning style of prosecutors will lead to misinformation.

6. Medical examiner (medical examiner)

Usually the fees for this profession are very high. However, being a medical examiner means you have to go through a long period of study, be able to handle mutilated corpses, and undergo irregular working hours.

Although there are routine and boring protocols, sometimes clever criminals who use unusual killing techniques can make you feel challenged in solving cases. To undergo this profession, you must have a medical degree. A bachelor's degree in biology or chemistry can also be a basis. Take forensic concentration.

Especially for odontological forensics, you must have the basis of dental education. Usually, this profession is a part-time consultant.

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Examples of Mental Processes in Psychology

Mental processes in psychology include everything related to information, and also stimuli that can be accepted by our senses also with the mind which in this case also can produce output, and also produce a positive response. So if we treat this, it will be related to cognitive psychology. In it there are various factors that we can associate with a mental as well as information.

 A Reed expert, Stephen K said that cognitive psychology in it studies in-depth matters relating to perceptions, attention, and also memory, problem solving, and also a person's way of dealing with a problem and how the decision-making process in it.

 In the psychological process, there is also something that can be defined by attention which is a condition that is usually given in a perceptual information In it there is a key to a mental process that can be distributed in several respects, for example, the effort on the human brain that can receive information on an ongoing basis with only a little information that can get the process of attention in this matter. Some examples of mental processes in psychology.

1. Can make decisions

In the science of psychology, mental processes will indeed be very closely related to one's desire to do something, for example regarding the process of making a decision. In this case, a strong and high mentality is needed so that a good and correct decision can be made.

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2. Motivation

Motivation in the science of developmental psychology will indeed be urgently needed, and in this case also relates to a gift of support to someone who is experiencing a period where he is in a state of deterioration, for example the mental processes in the development of this one are really needed.

3. Positive thinking

Role of positive relationship behavior is indeed very much-needed in this case, so that in the delivery process it must be done very well. Positive thinking also needs to be owned by everyone, so that in this case you can know more about good things to do and things that don't need to be done.

4. Communication

Communication is something that is very important, especially in mental processes, in this case also related to a person's ability to live in his social environment.

 That social psychology in the example of this one mental process will indeed be closely related.

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Implementation of Self Control in Behavior Modification

In psychology there is self management, which if we interpret it is a type of model of self-management therapy, in which case it involves itself as well as an agreement contract. Self management or better known as self-management can indeed be linked in a strategy in changing a behavior, which for its own purposes is more directed to the way a person behaves.

We also need to know, everyone certainly has a name for freedom, in this case freedom can actualize oneself that requires a regulation or what is called an impulse in carrying out actions spontaneously.

Self control or self control is indeed a way that can be done in developing and also using individuals and processes in life. In this case there is also the application of psychological effects that lead to the negative side as well as the positive side, as well as self control which is included in a modification of social behavior as well as politics and the existence of work behavior.

All of this can affect self-control towards the emergence of a behavior that can be said to be quite large. For more details, we will explain the following about applying self control in behavior modification.

1. Provide clear goals regarding the direction of the goal

The purpose of self control is indeed a very important thing, where in this case we have to know more and also understand about how to personalize a person. But beforehand we also had to understand far more about someone's self management. The purpose of this is to understand more about things that lead to changes in good behavior, as in the example of behavior change in tradition as a result.

2. Able to deal with various situations

We can see the application of other self control from how much a person is able to deal with various situations he experiences himself. In this case we can see how the person is able to give an explanation of things related to situations that can make it lead to the goal of a calmer situation, or vice versa in the face of something instead seems unable to calm himself. So the kinds of approaches in psychology seem to have an important role in this matter.

3. Provide a sense of trust in himself

In applying self control in behavior modification, the next thing we need to pay attention to is about how the person can give a sense of trust in himself. This method can also be associated with providing self-confidence or a way of therapy that can be forced as a whole or because of pressure from others. This method can also greatly affect results that cause various psychological impacts and can also be more threatening, as can be linked to individual behavior in a social context that is easily found in society.

4. Can provide a stimulus in changing behavior patterns

This action can be called a method or therapy carried out, but with the aim of being able to become a much better person. The influence of self control will also be directly seen by the various changes that occur, starting from the basic mental strength and also the change in attitude that occurs, so that for the psychological aspects of behavior carried out by someone can be associated with his personal life.

5. Can easily overcome frustration and also various emotional outbursts

A person who can reach himself or control his frustration as well as the emotions within him, of course, can be said that he has good self control. This action is also carried out in order to give positive things to himself, so that he can easily deal with various situations that occur within himself. The nature of this behavior modification is also one of the longest applied methods.

6. Able to delay self-satisfaction

The application of self control in other behavioral modifications can be seen from the way a person is in delaying satisfaction for himself. By regulating the behavior that occurs, this method can also be achieved with things that are easy in the community. So that with a person's ability to delay satisfaction for himself it can be said that the person has been able to control himself.

7. Provide a stimulus for changing mindset

Various therapies have indeed been carried out, one self-control can be applied by providing various existing stimulus. The results will not be immediately visible, but by changing the mindset and providing various stimuli, in this case it can be associated with various aspects of psychology in how to behave daily.

8. Have a high initiative for himself

One way to apply the next self control is to look at the way someone is able to make an initiative for himself. This method does look easy, but to start requires a variety of special attention which is indeed not easy, especially in finding various problem solving which really requires initiative from itself, so thinking as effectively as possible is indeed a very appropriate way.

Also Read (CLASSICAL THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)

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7 Tips How to Control Emotional Health

One of the importance of maintaining emotional health in oneself is that emotional conditions become more stable. This affects your life and feelings during your daily activities. Emotional maturity will help you be able to carry out activities with a feeling of calm, peace and optimism. The following is the importance of emotional intelligence for women that should be known.

Therefore, the importance of healthy emotions, if the emotional condition is bad then whatever you face will definitely have an effect on bad conditions. For that, know also how to improve emotional health in yourself:

1. Improve Lifestyle

It is impossible for emotions to become unstable if your lifestyle is bad, examples are always staying up late or not using leisure time to rest. You can because you have bad habits, so your energy is reduced by things that are not useful. If this condition routinely occurs, then gradually the impact on emotions becomes unstable. Know the relationship between parenting parents and adolescent emotional development.

2. Pay attention to yourself

Tips to improve other emotional health, namely by paying attention to yourself. By loving yourself makes you become more confident, whatever you do you believe everything will be good. And never blame yourself continuously, by forgetting the past your life will become better and emotions become organized.

3. Positive Thingking

Never consider yourself weak, bad or not useful. It is precisely whatever you have in mind that makes motivation and positive thinking. With this, you can receive whatever results from your activities, life is not always smooth. With experience and also the lessons that you get, make it an opportunity to improve yourself too, continue to be thoughtful. Undoubtedly your life and emotions are much calmer and healthier. Recognize the impact and influence of emotional intelligence on interpersonal communication.

4. Do Hobbies
The next tip to improve emotional health is to do a hobby that you like. Thus your life will be more challenging and joyful. Being able to meet many new friends, a new atmosphere also spends time with a favorite hobby. Hobbies can make your emotions much calmer and can be channeled.

5. Thankful

With the pleasure you have now, you should be far more grateful. A great gift will enjoy life, health and so on is something that can make your soul more calm. Grateful for the achievements that have been obtained every day is an exercise for emotional health. You can do interesting things or think about ideas before going to bed. Think of interesting and big things so that tomorrow you will feel happier.

6. Take a rest

Tips to improve other emotional health is to get enough rest. In a way that isn't enough is a way to treat your emotional and physical health. Sleep rest needs between 6 to 8 hours each day. So that with enough rest your emotions are far more stable and also more relaxed and refreshed.

7. Be nice

Be who you are, don't do things you don't like. The more you get caught up in evil, the more your emotions flare up. Therefore, make interesting things that you want to do that can certainly make yourself proud, and good for those around you. Some relationships are emotional intelligence with self control.

Well, so are some examples of exposure to tips on improving emotional health. Know the right way to make your life a lot better. Good luck.

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Functional Approach in Psychology

The functional approach included in the kinds of special psychology is the approach taken by a teacher to students by using the value of a science, especially language for the benefit of the life of their students. This approach is also a method used to get the results of the functional approach itself which is an approach that tends to teach or learn languages ​​based on language functions.

A functional approach can also be interpreted as an effort to provide learning material that emphasizes the aspects of benefits for students in their daily lives in accordance with their development. The material that children learn in school is not only to train the brain, but also expected to be useful for the lives of children both for individual life and social life. The functional approach in psychology means that children can use knowledge obtained from the educational environment and practiced in their daily lives. Then, what are the functional approaches in psychology ?,  along with the explanation for you.

1. Individual Approach

In some cases that occur in teaching and learning activities can be overcome by using an individual approach such as the example of stopping students who like to talk and the kinds of behavior in psychology. The way to do this is to move or separate one of the students to another place which is separated from a fairly far distance. Talking students are placed in a more quiet group of students. Problems with students' learning difficulties will be more easily solved by this individual approach even though group approaches are also likely to be needed. That way, an individual approach is an approach taken by educators to see students' differences in their individual aspects.

2. Group Approach

As explained in the first point, the group approach is sometimes needed and used to foster and develop students' social attitudes which are also included in effective learning methods according to psychology. The thing to realize is that students are gay socious creatures, namely creatures that are more likely to live together. By using a group approach, it is expected that a high social sense can develop in each student. They will be nurtured so that they can control the selfish attitudes that exist within themselves so that they can form a loyal attitude of social friends in the class. In addition, later students can also live interdependently because no living creature can continue to live alone without involving other creatures either directly or indirectly and consciously or unconsciously.

3. Variation Approach

Generally, the problems that occur in students do vary and the most appropriate approach to use is a variety approach compared to other types of learning styles. For example, students who are not disciplined with students who like to talk will be different for how to solve or solve them and demand approaches that are also different. The variation approach is inversely proportional to the concept if the problems faced by each student when learning also vary. Cases that usually occur in teaching are many motives, so variations in solving techniques are also needed for each case. For this reason, this variation approach is a tool that can be used by teachers for learning purposes. If concluded, the variation approach is the approach taken by the teacher to solve the problems of diverse students using problem-solving techniques that also vary.

4. Educational Approach

The educational approach is the most appropriate approach for educators to use as well as ways to find out the talents of children from an early age. Every action, attitude and action carried out by educators must have educational value. It aims to educate students to respect moral norms, legal norms, religious norms and social norms. The aim of this approach is to foster the character of students with noble moral education. This means that the educational approach is an approach used by the teacher who is worth educating with legal norms, moral norms, religious norms and also social norms. For example, when the bell rings to eat, do not let the children enter directly but first line up at the door. The class leader will then be given orders to arrange the ranks while the other students will march while the educators also control the students.

Next on Functional Approach in Psychology (Part 2)

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Functional Approach in Psychology (Part 2)

Continue from the previous article Functional Approach in Psychology there is the next function approach in psychology:

5. Experience Approach

Experience can be said to be a soulless teacher but always sought after by everyone who is also very important for the development of memory in children. Learning from experience will be better than just talking and never doing it at all. Learning becomes a reality that is shown in physical activity. Although experience is needed and sought during life, but in reality, not all experiences are educational. An experience can be said not to educate if educators do not bring children towards educational goals. Characteristic features of educational experience are centered on a goal that has meaning for children, is interactive with the environment while being able to increase children's integration. Given the very high value of experience, it is necessary to realize that this is very important for the development of the child's soul so that experience can be used as a method of approach in psychology and the characteristics of special intelligent children can be seen. It can be said if the experience approach is the approach taken by educators by giving examples of some experiences in students to instill the value of education. For example, Islamic education will be carried out with a religious approach, namely students who are given the opportunity to gain religious experience either individually or in groups. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are required to perform fasting.

6. Habitual Approach

Habit for students is also very important because with habituation, it eventually becomes an activity that will be owned by the child at the same time to overcome the causes of mental weakness in children. Good habits will shape human beings with good personalities and vice versa. Unlike adults, children think more abstractly and they can only think concretely. Small children who do not have strong memory can quickly forget everything that has happened. Their attention is also easier to divert to new things that are preferred. Children do not have an obligation but already have the right as one of them provides education which is a way of giving good habits to their lives. With this habituation, it will also affect the school environment and the community. For this reason, the teaching method that must be considered is a method of training or drill, execution of tasks, demonstrations and also direct experience in the field.

7. Rational Approach

An important effort for educators is to give a role to reason or ratio when understanding and accepting the truth of religious teachings, including also to understand the wisdom and function of the teachings of religious psychology. Because reason or ratio is finally used as a rational approach to the interests of education and also teaching in schools. To support the use of this approach, the teaching method must be adjusted to the age level. For example, about proving something related to religious issues must be adjusted to the level of thinking of the child. Proof of error can later be fatal to the soul of the child so that the most important effort for the teacher is to give a role to reason or ratio to understand and accept the truth of religious teachings, including also understanding the wisdom and function of religious teachings.

8. Emotional Approach

Emotions in psychology are psychiatric symptoms that are in a person that are related to feelings. Someone who has feelings can certainly feel something both physical feeling or spiritual feeling. In addition, there are also intellectual feelings, aesthetic, social, ethical feelings and feelings of self-esteem. Feelings are a function of the soul in order to be able to consider and measure things according to pleasure or unhappiness, have the nature of being happy and sad, strong and weak, long and brief, relative and not standing alone as a statement of the soul. This emotional approach aims to attempt to arouse feelings and also the type of emotions students believe in, understand and appreciate their religious teachings. To achieve the goal of this emotional approach, the methods that must be considered are the lecture method, story telling and sociodrama. For this reason, the emotional approach taken by educators to students is done through verbal stimuli such as stories, lectures, innuendo, ridicule, dialogue, news, orders, recommendations and so forth. While non-verbal stimulation is a form of behavior in the form of attitudes and actions.

9. Functional Approach

Science is a science that can shape a child's personality such as overcoming depression in children. Children will be able to feel the benefits of the knowledge that has been obtained at school. Children will later utilize the use value of a science for the sake of life. With this, the value of science is functional in the child. For example, religious studies given in class, will be implemented in the daily lives of students and also students can feel the knowledge that has been obtained at school.

10. Religious Approach

General subjects are very interested in the religious approach. The concept of personality in the psychology of religion aims to ensure that cultural values ​​of science are not secular, but that they are integrated with religious values. With the application of teaching principles such as the principle of correlation and socialization, educators can insert religious message messages for all general subjects. Educators must also master the teachings of religious teachings that are in accordance with the subjects held. For example, biology lessons that cannot be separated from the letter Yasin verses 37-40 are theorems of real propositions for supporters of religious approaches in physics.

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Definition of Family Psychology and the Effects

Family psychology is the definition of interaction or social patterns in the family. The family consists of several individuals who come from two generations, three generations, or even more. The number of individuals in this family will affect the quality of interaction between individuals and have an impact on the individual and group psychology.


ALSO READ(Family Influence on Children Moral Behavior)

Differences in generations in a family may also trigger a situation that is sometimes good sometimes bad. This is what raises family psychology and states that psychology in the family also needs to be studied and known so as not to occur negative thoughts or behaviors in a family related to each individual.

Family psychology perspective is a view of how this family psychology is applied or the influence that is given to families and individuals in it. Some of the following are interesting about family psychology:

1. Family psychology is a science that combines psychology with the knowledge of the family.

2. This science is united with different definitions. Psychology sees a person in terms of psychological and behavior and family is an object that can be influenced psychologically.

3. Family psychology is known as a form of psychological intervention targeting the family, in the form of family therapy.

4. One of the family therapies is family togetherness as a therapy for encouragement, recreational therapy and so on.

5. Family is a place where individuals first get education, interaction experiences, and others.

6. Family is the basis of the formation of certain characteristics of an individual.

7. Families can influence individuals strongly.

8. Family is a system that is very strong and always plays a role in every individual growth and development. This can control the formation of individuals and their characteristics or personality.

9. Understanding that family is a system where each individual is involved.

10. Families need a perspective as a system. Every family has their own goals. The way of thinking of this system which will then take into account each individual in it but still towards the one main goal.

11. Genogram as a basis for understanding and building perceptions of other family members, each of whom has a different status such as grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, brother, sister.

The family system can change if one individual changes

Individuals in the family are a reflection of the family. Although not all individual behavior is what is taught in the rules set in the family, the presence of positive or negative attitudes from individuals will affect the whole family. For example, if there is a good family, and one of his children is caught in a drug case. Families who are usually very friendly, like to socialize, then can immediately turn into a closed, not often meet people, often absent at work, and others.

Many family therapies with interesting methods.

Psychological therapy can be applied to many families that affect individuals or for the whole. Psychology therapy in this family can provide a broader perspective, thoughts and hearts that are more patient and open. Examples of psychological therapies that can be applied are conflict management therapy, why stress management, and others. Each therapy has a purpose and method that is different and interesting.

Family therapy can be applied by each individual himself.

Psychological therapy in the family can be applied by individuals and also someone who needs help from others. Most therapies have easy methods and can be applied widely not only in the family but also in the community.

Psychological approach prevents psychological disorders in the family.

Psychology which is a psychology is of course concerned about one's psychological perception. Even within the family, awareness of this is also needed. Don't let the rules that are made burden one individual and trigger permanent stress.

Also Read(Classical Theory of Psychology)

For example, a teenager is required to always get a class champion, while it is against the wishes of individuals who want to play or contrary to environmental conditions such as many friends who are also smart. Such demands can trigger stress pressure which gradually slows down and arises chronic psychological disorders. If this happens, the approach taken may be more difficult and requires the help of medical personnel and psychologists.

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Process of Social Change in Community Psychology

Community psychology is based on concern for the relationship between the social system and the well-being of individuals in the context of the community. Community psychologists are engaged in a series of mental and social health problems through research and intervention in the public and private fields in the community environment. A community psychologist might find himself doing many roles in a wide range of backgrounds and substantive areas. They try to prevent problems even before they start, focus on problems simultaneously, care about the issues of social regulation and control, by increasing positive characteristics and the ability to overcome minority social groups, children and the elderly.

That's why social change in community psychology is closely related. People are involved and participate in social change more than ever in the present. Both elite forces and community psychologists have roles that involve changes in social structure in communities and groups. Community psychologists can operate as agents of effective social change, but they must be more vigilant, have the ability and be able to bear the possible effects of social design made by parties threatened by change.

Discussion on Social Change
Society consisting of a group of people will surely experience various kinds of changes that can cover various fields such as behavior patterns in organizations, structures in social institutions, changes in society, changes in power and authority in society, changes in social interactions and so on, including values ​​and social norms. According to Kingsley Davis, social change is a change that occurs in structure and function in society. Whereas Selo Soemardjan affirmed that changes in institutions within a community will also influence the social system including values, attitudes and behavior patterns that exist among community groups.

Social change can take the form of changes that are slow or fast, small or large, desired changes or unintentional or unwanted. Factors that cause social change in the psychology of the community can come from within and outside the community itself. Addition or reduction of population, the existence of new discoveries, conflicts in society, the existence of rebellions or revolutions in society are some of the causal factors originating from within. While the factors of social change in community psychology include those originating from the physical environment around humans, the occurrence of wars with other countries. And also due to the influence of culture from other communities. Some of the causes that influence social change in community psychology include:

Change Factor

The process of social change in community psychology will take place well if it gets the factors that support its progress. Factors that contribute to the progress of the change process include:

• Contact with other cultures
• Progress of the education system
• Appreciation of one's work and also the desire to progress
• There is tolerance for deviant actions in society
• Open community system
• Population heterogeneity
• There is public dissatisfaction in certain fields
• Future orientation
• Values ​​that improve people's lives
• Inhibiting Factors of Change

Conversely, the process of social change in community psychology can also be hampered to cause the process is not smooth due to certain factors, including:

• Lack of links with other communities
• The delay in the development of science
• Traditional people
• The existence of vested interests
• The fear that cultural integration will falter
• Prejudice against things that are alien or new
• Barriers to ideological differences, habits and values.

Also read (Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology)

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Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology

Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology

Because community psychologists often work on social issues, they often also work towards positive social change. The role of community psychology in applied psychology is part of the history of community psychology that needs to be known and cannot be separated. Watzlawik (1974) distinguishes between first order and second order change which often becomes a focus in the field of community psychology. The researchers revealed limitations to community psychology in the form of ecological aspects, cultural relations and diversity as well as focusing on social change /

• First Order Change - Positive change of individuals continuously in a certain setting or situation that aims to correct the problem that occurs, but the structure does not change. This aspect deals with existing structures, doing things more or less, and involves restoring balance.
• Second Order Change - Trying to adjust individuals with systems and structures involved in a problem, in other words, to match someone with their environment. The process of changing this system will take place qualitatively and intermittently. This aspect is in the form of creating new ways to look at things in full. The process requires new learning and often starts in informal systems.

An example of the difference between these two methods can be seen in one case that first order change will try to give a solution not to the immediate problem. Whereas second order change will change the relationship between individuals in the background of their daily lives in hopes. Things that need to be considered in the community approach are:

• Emphasis on the effects of social support and social pressure in society, as well as preventive and self-help measures.
• Pay attention to local empowerment and the importance of diversity and relations in culture. Also know about the benefits of studying sociology in psychology, the relationship of psychology to sociology, and the benefits of studying sociology which will still be related to the field of psychology.
• Emphasis on the community regarding personal abilities and strength as prevention of diseases and weaknesses.
• The community perspective emphasizes the research function that not only functions as a theory development, but also to emphasize policy and program evaluation and analysis, as well as for the development of society and science.

The community approach basically does not place or emphasize the disturbance that occurs in individuals and does not blame the environment entirely, but emphasizes the focus on the interactions of people and their environment. The goal is to reduce problems for individuals and empower individuals and groups to better adapt to the situation. That's where the importance of aspects of social change in community psychology. The real role of community psychology is to conduct research that aims to identify community problems and analyze them, create patterns for social services, evaluate certain social programs, examine community attitudes, and actively participate in social development programs by designing social environments that will minimize the difficulty of adjustment.

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PSYCHOLOGY TODAY: Community Psychology

Community Psychology.-This branch of psychology is a way of approaching mental health that emphasizes the role and power of the environment in creating or reducing problems. The core of learning community psychology is the interaction of people and their environment, giving identification of the role and power of the environment that can create and reduce problems for individuals and then focus on empowering individuals and groups to adjust to the situation. In conclusion, community psychology is one branch of psychology that discusses how the role of the environment in creating or reducing problems in individuals. Basically community psychology is related to the relationship between the social system, the welfare and health of individuals and society. Find out the purpose of interventions in community psychology, the role of clinical psychology in community psychology and the relationship of community psychology with clinical psychology.

The purpose of community psychology can be seen from the area that is formed in the activity of helping or increasing the ability of individuals who do not have the strength of the social community, in other words, namely:

Develop resources for minorities. Also helps individuals to take control of their lives and environment, which in turn will help individuals to develop a psychological sense of community.

Designing, managing and directing planned social changes to achieve prosperity.

Organize, organize and implement various planned changes.

Community psychology uses two standards to analyze the position of individuals in their own communities, namely as agents or actors in their communities, where the community functions as a place for the appearance of individual behavior and places of interaction that can support or inhibit. The second benchmark is the object of the life of the community where the community functions as a place of change - changes in the quality of the individual.

Intervention Methods in Community Psychology

Intervention methods need to be done in every attempt at social change and community approaches to maximize the results. These methods include:

• Way of consultation by inviting people who have a big influence and have a big role in the community to assist in discussing problems in the community, it is useful to reach more and wider communities.
• Conduct community services in lieu of official services.
• Intervene in crises by providing assistance and support to people who are experiencing a crisis.
• Intervene at an early age in the community.

Various basic approaches are carried out in community psychology towards social system change, namely:

• Introducing individual growth and development to prevent problems with mental and social health.
• Make a format for appropriate interventions and can be used quickly when the intervention is very necessary.

• Open the possibility for those who have had problems to get a good life and get support from their community or can live in a place that will receive it and provide support.

also read 

Process of Social Change in Community Psychology

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Altruism Theory in Social Psychology

The theory of Altruism is voluntary action by individuals or groups of people to help others without expecting anything in return (except perhaps feeling has done good). With this definition, whether it is an act of kindness or not, it depends on the purpose of the helper.

For example, after helping a fire victim, the helper disappears without being identified, is an act of kindness. This action in the world of psychology is called the Altruism Theory in Social Psychology, here is a full explanation.

Altruism Theory explains an unselfish concern for the needs of others. So, there are three components in Altruism Theory, namely loving others, helping them doing their time of need, and making sure that they are appreciated.

Baston (2002) in (Carr, 2004), Altruism Theory is a response

which creates positive feelings, such as empathy. Altruistic individuals have a good motivation, a desire to always help others. Motivation of goodness arises because there are internal reasons in him that give rise to a positive feeling so that it can bring up actions to help others.

Concept

Three concepts that can explain the motivation of individuals to behave in the theory of Altruism are as follows:

• Social exchange

In this concept, helpful actions can be explained by the reciprocal social exchange (reward rewards). Altruism Theory explains that motivational reward rewards are inner reward (distress). An example is satisfaction to help or a difficult situation (guilt) to help.

• Social Norms

One reason to help others is because it is based on "something" that tells us to "have to" help. "Something" is a social norm. In the Altruism Theory, social norms can be explained by the existence of social responsibility.

The existence of social responsibility, can cause individuals to take helpful actions because they are needed and without expecting future rewards.

• Evolutionary Psychology

In this concept, it is explained that the point of life is to maintain offspring. Behavior The theory of Altruism can emerge (easily) if the "other person" who will be prospered is the same person (one characteristic). For example: individuals help people who are exactly the same as their families, neighbors, and so on.

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PSYCHOLOGY TODAY: SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Neal E. Miller

This learning theory was initially brought about by Neil E. Miller and John Dollard in 1941. According to Miller and Dollar, individuals often learn social behavior by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of their behavior. Albert Bandura then expanded on Miller & Dollard's work, giving a statement that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through direct observation or instruction, even without actions that are imitated or produced motorically or directly reinforced.

Albert Bandura believes that association and direct reinforcement cannot explain all learning processes. Albert Bandura's famous writing in his book is a statement that reveals that the learning process will be very tiring and also very dangerous, if one has to rely on the effects of their own actions to tell them what to do. The quote was written in Albert Bandura's book entitled Social Learning Theory published in 1977.

Instead, he proposed that much of the learning takes place through observation and observation. Children observe the actions of people in their immediate environment, especially caregivers and older siblings, and then imitate this behavior.

In his famous experiment, Bobo Dolls, Bandura revealed how easily children can be directed at imitating even negative actions. In this experiment, children who watched adult videos beat big inflatable dolls then became much more likely to imitate the same actions when they were given the opportunity.

Perhaps the most important is a statement from Bandura that the process of learning something does not always result in changes in behavior. Children often learn new things through observation, but may not behave like what they see until the need or motivation to use the information.

In addition to observing behavior, learning also occurs through observation of the rewards and penalties received. This is a process known as represented reinforcement. When certain behaviors are rewarded or rewarded on a regular basis, then the behavior has a great possibility to be maintained and if certain behaviors continue to be punished, then most likely the behavior will be abandoned.

This theory extends traditional theories of behavior, which reveal that behavior is governed only by reinforcement, placing emphasis on the important role of various internal processes of individuals who are in the learning process.

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