COGNITIVE ORIENTATION THEORY IN COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY

Communication is a complex process and involves many aspects of thinking and social ability. If the damage to the brain occurs then it will affect one of these capabilities including the ability to communicate successfully. The difficulty in cognitive communication is the term often used for the problem. The frontal lobes section in particular is crucial for the ability of cognitive communication due to its role in brain executive function, flexible thinking ability and social behaviour. Nevertheless, many other parts of the brain interact to showcase other important skills such as the temporal lobes and the parietal lobes.

Psychology that uses cognitive orientation, in theory, will be centered on the process – the central process for example in attitudes, ideas, and expectations used to describe behavior. Cognitive orentation differs from the psychoanalytic orientation that learns the most in-depth processes such as unconsciousness, Id, as well as the behavioristic theories of theory that emphasize the study of behavior in processes that occur outside such as Stimuli and replies. Learning about cognitive theories relates to processes that occur in a person's brain system as well as a person's nervous system that learns that a person will be actively processing information.

Definition of cognitive orientation

Cognitive orientation in communication psychology has a basic concept that learns the concept of communication, thinking and knowledge building. Expressed in the cognitive theory that human behavior is active and described as an environment perceived by the person involved itself, the cognitive drafting that includes the process of learning, thinking, solving problems, forgetting, Psychological changes and cognitive structures. All of these can be influenced by the biological conditions of the individual, the principle of the Organization, and the conditions that produce the original structure, the needs and emotions of one's.

Social cognitive theories used in psychology, education and communication play a role in the acquisition of one's knowledge that can relate directly to observations of others in the context of social interactions, experiences and External media influences. This theory was proposed by Albert Bandura as an extension of the social learning theory. The theory states that when people observe a single example that showcases behaviors and their consequences, they can recall the order of the events and use this information to lead to subsequent behavior.

Because of the influence of the mass media role in the community, understanding the psychological mechanisms through symbolic communication affects human mind. Albert Bandura developed this theory since the 1960s that explains on how and why there is a tendency to emulate what people see through certain media or through others. This is the development of a social learning theory that suggests frameworks for understanding and predicting and altering human behaviour. Cognitive orientation in communication psychology is understood through social cognitive theories that emphasize the human capacity to learn without passing a direct experience.

This theory is therefore also referred to as observational learning theory that depends on several things, including the ability of the subject to understand and remember what it sees, identifying through the mediation of characters or situations that will Affect impersonation of the behavior. Cognitive orientation in communication psychology often uses this theory as a learning theory of media and Mass communication, health communication or interpersonal communication. The goal is to explain how a person regulates his behaviour through control and reinforcement to achieve behavior in order to achieve a goal that can be maintained at all times.

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THE DIFFERENCE ABOUT INTROVERT AND ANTISOCIAL IN PSYCHOLOGY

People who lack an understanding of introvert and antisocial understanding sometimes equate both terms equally. But the fact is not the same, many people who interpret introvert is anti-social. actually, both terms are two different things. Introvert can not be said as antisocial, nor vice versa. To find out what are introvert and antisocial differences, here are examples of the explanations below:

1. Introvert is comfortable with oneself but capable of having good relations with others while the antisocial itself is not able to relate to others in a healthy.

People who have an introvert attitude, he tends to just love to do everything himself, he feels comfortable with a quiet state rather than crowded. However, introverts are able to forge a good relationship to the surrounding people. Unlike antisocial, he chooses to withdraw from the environment. So to interact with others is somewhat difficult. 

2. Introvert is a form of personality but antisocial is a problem in the mental health of one

Next, introvert and antisocial differences are you must be cautious if you have colleagues or relatives with antisocial indications. Because the antisocial people are almost the same as psychopathic people. They like to cheat, influence, hate and reject everything that is good. Because antisocial looked at everything badly in their eyes. Unlike introverts that have closed characters, they tend to rarely hate others.

3. Someone who is antisocial can be a very extroverted and open person while introvert can not be an extrovert

Generally people think that someone who is antisocial prefers themselves and does not like to gather with others. Who they think can be able to become extroverted and open to others as they are. However, generally in certain objectives, often negative objectives. While introvert is different because they can not be an ektrovert figure because it is a personality that can not be changed. 

4. Introvert can relate to people close to him, while antisocial has no sense of empathy towards others

To know introvert and antisocial differences is if introverts have a sense of empathy. They can also forge a relationship with people closest to him and have a sense of caring about the feelings of others. But the antisocial person has no caring taste and is also very selfish, he only cares about himself.

5. One who has an introvert attitude can not be changed but the antisocial person can still be changed

The next Intovert and antisocial difference is if the introvert cannot be changed. It is a positive and unproblematic personality when one has a personality as an introvert. However, people with antisocial souls this is a disease that needs to be healed. So it needs to be changed because otherwise it will affect the worse, because he will hurt other people also himself.

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COGNITIVE ORIENTATION THEORY BY BANDURA

Cognitive orientation in communication psychology in the theory of Bandura has a beginning of various ideas regarding different theories as follows:

• Model of Causation/Model cause – Human adaptation in this theory model is explained through the term ' triadic reciprocal causation ' or ' triadik reciprocity. This Model illustrates the continuous interaction between environmental, behavioral and personal factors.
• Symbolizing ability/Symbolizing Capability-This theory Model describes the human capacity to be free from the learning process in the form of ' trial and error ', where the symbolization allows individual abstract thinking to prescribe an experience that May occur, tested with rational thinking.
• Vicarious Capability – states that one can learn behavior by observing the actions of others and the consequences of that action. Human-owned skills to learn that are derived will impede the learning process while conducting to achieve behavior.
• The ability to think – the behavior of the human being partly has a specific purpose and is therefore governed by the thought that has occurred. Thought will require reflection on the consequences of action, setting goals and planning what actions will be taken. Individuals will realise the concept of thought and outcome and create motivation or even barriers to direct the selection of what action to take.
• Self-regulating ability – the combination of standard personal and community standards is used for self-evaluation and can be changed according to the needs. Self-monitoring will be expected to have an effect on the motivation or inhibitory experienced by a person when he or she is considering a particular action.
• Self-reflection ability – people evaluate their behaviour and adjust according to the consequences that will be experienced and also adhered to the standards from within and outside. This is part of the individual's perception of their competence. Self-reflection emphasized by Bandura can produce the wrong mindset.
• Human Nature – This trait comes from genetic factors that can affect potential behaviour. Therefore human action is a combination of cognitive abilities that have been studied with the psycho-physiological factors that were brought from birth.

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COGNITIVE ORIENTAION ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION

The assumption that there is in cognitive orientation in the psychology of communication is that one learning process will occur if an observed model that displays certain behaviors and earns rewards or penalties as a result of such behaviour. This observation will develop hope for what will happen if it performs the behavior. Some difficulties in communicating reflect a range of potential cognitive changes such as the following:

1. Difficulty concentrating and focusing

Problems in this field can lead to difficulties in communicating as follows, for example, can not concentrate on television programs that can usually be enjoyed so as to start to invite talk and mess up the focus of others who are also are enjoying the program. There may also be difficulties focusing on the conversation so that it often ends the conversation suddenly – or avoiding it at once. Failing to pay attention to the critical information that causes them to say unworthy and embarrassing, and having difficulty dividing attention between two or more activities.

2. Memory problems

Someone with a memory problem may find it difficult to access the information they know. This can affect the ability of such remembering words and remembering the names of people, which is very important to communicate socially. Failure to remember the name, face, or relevant information in a conversation can lead to embarrassment and consequently will avoid social situations.

3. Literal interpretation

Damage to the right part of the brain may cause a person's verbal interpretation ability to be very concrete and understand things literally. They may experience deficiencies to capture the meaning of humor and sarcasm and skip the implied meanings in the conversation. This issue could result in a person receiving the message the wrong way. It can also misunderstand the common expressions that people use.

4. Decreased logic and problem solving ability

Changes in problem solving capabilities can result in a problem when one cannot use the language to think thoroughly and solve the problem. This could cause them to use wrong judgment and wrong decisions as well. Inadequate and incapacitated inability to solve problems can also be caused by people experiencing difficulties in their conversational style, by failing to understand the logical viewpoint of others and becoming unflexible in his own opinion.

5. Cognitive fatigue

The term is a long-term commonly used term in cognitive psychology as a consequence of brain injury. If one is exhausted, then it is often not able to manage its well-being especially in communicating. Reduced attention and concentration, they will be less able to think clearly and can be irritable and aggressive. Cognitive fatigue can also cause other communication problems such as aphasia, Dysarthia and dyspraxia of speech.

6. Slow processing of information

Cognitive orientation in communication psychology in the form of slow processing of communication is a common consequence of brain injury and could mean that a person cannot follow a fast-growing conversation. Often he would comment that he had difficulty when he was busy or when talking to more than one person.

7. Lack of social communication skills

Difficulties in social communication in particular are linked to brain frontal lobe injuries. Difficulties in this area may mean that one cannot recognize the social clues of the day – both verbal and non-verbal. There is a wide range of acceptable norms in any culture, and brain injuries may be able to affect a person's ability to effectively recognize and apply these norms.

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Why Forgot to Make You Smart ??

It is not uncommon for someone to experience a sudden forgetfulness or forget that it has become part of their daily lives. Whether it's forgetting small things such as places to store keys, glasses, wallets and other items, people's names and faces, forgetting promises or just forgetting information that has been learned in the past. Sometimes we also often forget what to do in the middle of activity. Forgetting that too often can indicate a disturbance in memory, but forgetting within the limits that are still reasonable can actually make the brain smarter.

The brain works as a series that communicates with each other at all times. Forgetting happens because of a pause in the communication that interferes with the ability to focus on one thing. Decreasing ability to remember may be due to interference or distraction. When someone tries to remember something, a new network will be formed in the brain to help the remembering process.

Forgot to be a sign of intelligence

The part of the brain that regulates cognition and controls memory as intended is the prefrontal cortex which is located behind the forehead. In this area the memory that is owned will be changed in two directions namely stronger or weaker. The cause of forgetting is the increasingly weak memory. In several studies, it was revealed that forgetting something is normal and can actually make it smarter. The reasons for forgetting to make you smart include:

1. Maintain important information

Forgetting usually occurs because old memory is replaced by new memory, because the formation of new brain cells formed in the hippocampus area is related to the process of learning new things. Old memory will be difficult to access because it is overwritten by the new cell. Changing the old memory with the new one will allow you to maintain important information and release less important information.

2. Adapting to new situations

Old information that is discarded and replaced with new information will make it easier for you to adjust to the new situation, which certainly gives a lot of torrential new information to your brain. Without the old information that is less relevant, then you will not be confused to determine which information is in the brain that can be used.

3. Make the right decision

Forgetting old information replaced by new information will help you to make the right decision. The reason why forgetting to make you smart is to forget old information that is not related, the brain can freely process the information needed in accordance with the current state.

4. Get rid of misleading information

The reason why forgetting to make you smart is when the brain releases outdated information, it will allow us to adapt new situations. By forgetting old information and potentially misleading, we will be easier to maneuver in an environment that continues to change. If you try to go through life and continue to get misleading information, confusing and overlapping memories, it will be increasingly difficult to make the right decisions.

5. Discard useless information

Making smart decisions does not mean you have to have all the information at once, only means that you need to know the most valuable information. That means cleaning up the space in your memory for the most recent information. Forgetting is a process of discarding that information so that your brain will only store data that will help and be relevant to the present.

6. Help see the big picture

When you forget names or details, the brain is making choices that the details are not very meaningful. The researchers found that the human brain facilitates decision making by stopping us from focusing too much on less important past details. The brain actually promotes generalizations to help remember the most important aspects. One of the things that distinguishes the environment you will want to remember with an environment where you want to forget a few things is how consistent the environment is and how likely certain events return to your life.

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6 Way How to Overcome Job Insecurity According to Psychology

Not everyone will feel comfortable in a job, especially he already has a lot of experience and hours of flying or senior. A career that does not increase, the atmosphere of the environment, also the attitude of coworkers as well as a solid boss can be the trigger for the emergence of job security. Here are tips and ways to deal with depression because of daily work.

Sometimes these complicated problems make a person have to act decisively like resigning or asking for a mutation. However, before you think negatively about it. Next, know how to overcome job insecurity according to psychology as below:


1. Know the Cause of Job Insecure

Before feeling confused and also uncomfortable approaching the atmosphere of your work, then know first what causes it to occur. This is important because you can find out more about how to overcome it if it can still be conditioned. However, if the problem is too complicated, then you try to think of a way out by asking for help from a trusted partner. That way you will decide which is the best choice later.

2. Be sincere in work

Furthermore, the way to overcome job insecurity according to psychology is to be sincere with the situation at hand. You do not know in the future what you will get with your sincere attitude. If from the beginning you have the motivation to sincerely work on all tasks sincerely. So, you will quickly move on from feeling disappointed, upset, angry and not accepting when your boss or reality accidentally hurts the results of your work.

Also read:
The characteristics of a person have been exposed to job insecurity
Work for those of you who study forensic psychology

3. Dare to act

When you are faced with problems and work that is crowded, from there sometimes ideas or initiatives appear to find the best solution. Be brave enough to convey the idea to your team and boss. Maybe this is a complaint and also a problem from the team's work and you have been able to solve it. And thus you can seek the sympathy of your boss to believe and appreciate what you have all this time.

4. Intend to Train and Learn Lots

The problems that exist today should not be regarded as mere coincidences. You who have worked in one company for a long time with a position and occupation, of course all of that is your fortune and success so far. Therefore do not waste the sacrifice as well as your struggle. Take all available knowledge, study and learn. Suppose that all of that is an exercise and also getting excited for you to be more advanced and successful. Because there is nothing in this world that is in vain as long as you still believe and struggle.


5. Make a Target or Taq Line

The way to overcome job insecurity according to other psychology is to make a target or tag line or deadline. What you want is like a goal and target to make it regularly. If in the near future your goal is realized, it will change the atmosphere of your work much better. But if on the contrary make an investigation and check if something is wrong. If yes, repair and repeat again until you are absolutely sure you feel comfortable again.

6. Be indifferent

The extreme attitude that you can do in overcoming job insecure in a company is ignorance. You can be casual or relaxed in dealing with any problems. This will make you more enjoy, free and without burden, the more you are supported in the same problem will make you more stressful. Therefore, learn about emotional management and ignorance, so that the spirit of work will be more motivated.

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7 characteristics of a person have been exposed to job insecurity

The theory of Job Insecurity was first delivered by Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt in 1984. They compiled a theoretical model of the meaning of Job Insecurity, and further examined the factors that caused Job Insecurity and its impact. hey define Job Insecurity as "the powerlessness felt by employees to maintain their work continuity in the midst of a threatened work situation" (Sverke, 2006)

Smithson and Lewis (2000) interpret job insecurity as the psychological condition of a person (employee) who shows a sense of confusion or feels insecure because of perceived impermanance. This condition arises because of the many types of work that are temporary or contract work. The increasing number of jobs with a temporary or non-permanent duration of time causes more employees to experience job insecurity.

Here are  features Someone Affected by Job Insecurity.

1. Feel threatened and nervous

Employees in developed countries also experience increasing insecurity due to instability in their employment status and an increasingly unpredictable level of income. As a result of the various changes that occur within the organization, employees are very likely to feel threatened, anxious, and insecure because of the potential for change to affect the working conditions and the continuation of the relationship and service received from the organization.

2. Insecurity

Insecurity in work can be divided into two categories, namely subjective and objective. Objectives that are insecure are generally associated with clear indicators such as job tenure, to determine the stability of employees in the organization. While subjective security is relatively difficult to observe directly because the indicators used are a threat to the loss of work and the consequences of the loss of the job, as perceived by the employee concerned. (Bryson and Harvey, 2000).

3. Lack of trust

Lack of trust in the organization will affect the morale and motivation of employees. The results of the study show that in job insecurity there are multidimensional elements. For example, many employees are not worried about losing their jobs, but what they are worried about is the loss of power they have for the work done or the opportunities offered by the job such as status or promotion.

4. Feel sad about the situation

There are several levels of situations that are felt to be insecure among employees. There are employees who feel insecure but are paid high because their expertise is rarely owned by people (eg computer experts such as antidotes to hackers). Such individuals have high high employment security, but job security is low.

There are also employees who have work contracts but feel insecure about how long the contract can be extended. Impermanance conditions and the existence of such certainty make job insecurity affect employees, especially young ones (Smithson & Lewis, 2000).

5. Feel helpless

The level of threat felt by employees regarding aspects of work such as the possibility of getting a promotion, maintaining the current wage level, or getting a wage increase. Individuals who assess certain aspects of work that are threatened (there are likely aspects of the work to be lost) will be more agitated and feel helpless.

6. The spirit of work decreases

the job is for individuals. How important this aspect of work is for an individual influences the level of insecure or insecurity. The level of threat of the possibility of occurrences of events that negatively affect the overall work of an individual, such as being fired or transferred to another branch office.

8. Feel disappointed

Individuals develop attitudinal and emotional bonds to the organization over time which emerge in the form of high levels of commitment and trust. Negative changes that occur in the aspects of the work and threaten the whole job will make employees redefine their compatibility and ties with the organization. Disappointment at the organization will release employee identification with the organization.

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6 Jobs for You Who Study Forensic Psychology

Even though various cases relating to the criminal justice process often relate to various problems, but as legal issues. In fact, many legal problems require roles. Contributions in the field of forensics actually cover a very broad study area, starting to study the profiles of offender professions, uncovering the neuropsychological, genetic, and developmental processes of perpetrators. Forensic Psychology Professional Job. The following will present the duties of the forensic psychology profession at each stage of the criminal justice process and 11 Work for You Who Study Forensic Psychology.

1. In the police

As explained earlier, the task of the police in criminal justice is to investigate and investigate (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia, 1982). In certain cases psychologists can be asked for help so that the information obtained is close to the truth. Forensic psychologists can assist police investigations with perpetrators, victims and witnesses.

2. On the offender

Forensic psychologists can assist the police in conducting interrogations (Bartol & Bartol, 1994; Constanzo, 2006; Gudjonsson & Haward, 1998; Putwain & Sammons, 2002), making criminal profiling, detecting lies (Constanzo, 2006). Help forensic psychologists in questioning the perpetrators to admit their mistakes. Usually if the police deal with it, then the technique used is the old model, which uses violence as a threat to the perpetrators who are interrogated, if the perpetrator shows signs of lying then the police will hit or slap the perpetrator, essentially hurting physically in the hope that the perpetrator will say honest.

3. Skill checks data and autopsy

This skill is very necessary to check data, perhaps between the perpetrator and the victim or with other informants. In addition, for cases that are still ambiguous between victims who committed suicide or were killed, forensic psychologists can enter as experts to conduct autopsies. The way to do an autopsy is to assess the source of the evidence, indirectly, such as the record left behind by the deceased, data from a friend or family of the victim.

The purpose of the psychology autopsy is to reconstruct the emotional state, personality, mind and lifestyle of the deceased. Until it can be drawn several hypotheses to help the police in deciding whether the victim is suicidal or killed.

5. At the prosecutor's office

Forensic psychologists can assist prosecutors by providing information related to the psychological condition of the perpetrator and the victim. In cases of domestic violence with the condition of the victim experiencing severe psychological trauma. Information on forensic psychology about the psychological condition of the victim can be used as a basis for prosecuting the perpetrator. Psychologists can also provide training to prosecutors related to the style of asking witnesses, victims and perpetrators. Ancok (1995) suggests that the questioning style of prosecutors will lead to misinformation.

6. Medical examiner (medical examiner)

Usually the fees for this profession are very high. However, being a medical examiner means you have to go through a long period of study, be able to handle mutilated corpses, and undergo irregular working hours.

Although there are routine and boring protocols, sometimes clever criminals who use unusual killing techniques can make you feel challenged in solving cases. To undergo this profession, you must have a medical degree. A bachelor's degree in biology or chemistry can also be a basis. Take forensic concentration.

Especially for odontological forensics, you must have the basis of dental education. Usually, this profession is a part-time consultant.

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6 Facts About The Human Memories According to Psychology

Humans become creatures of the highest degree compared to other living things. Besides having a complete body organ, it is physically said to be perfect. Every organ that normally functions properly. Every organ has a different function, for example the brain.

As the center of memory and other activators the brain becomes a special center of memory. Well, humans certainly have a lot of memories or memories of their lives, both past and present. For this reason, know the facts about human memory according to the following Psychology:

1. Memory Can Change Constantly

Without realizing it, human memory is able to change over time. In this case it can be replaced by the past and present events. If someone is constant in the same event, the memory will tend to keep the memory longer. And far more significant than anything else.

2. Memory Can Shaping Personality People

The facts about human memory according to Psychology are the first human memories that will be related to the character and attitude about yourself. Owned memories can determine how you will behave and respond to things.

3. Memory is the place of memory

There is a term called the Hippocampus, which is an important part of a fact in human memory in the brain. The hippocampus also functions as a storehouse of all the memories a person has experienced during his life. It is in this brain that the task of regulating, storing also reminiscences.

The hippocampus can be found in both hemispheres, if there is damage to the hippocampus, it can block the brain's ability to form new memories, then known as anterograde amnesia. As you age, the hippocampus will lose as much as 20 percent of the human brain.

4. Short-Term Memory Too Short Remembered

Furthermore, facts about human memory according to Psychology, not all events that you have faced can be remembered and stored in the brain as a whole. Experts reveal that the brain can only store about 7 short-term memories in just 20 to 30 seconds. So, if you forget to say what you want to say, or else it is because of limited brain power. Your brain will also choose which ones must be remembered for a long time and which information must be removed.

5. Memory Can Also Be Trained

Memory if you have never been trained certainly can cause a decrease in memory abilities. To prevent this, you need to practice several ways such as memorizing, playing chess, filling in crosswords and so on. This will still maintain healthy brain performance, so memory will continue to increase even though the age is advanced. Memorizing every day also keeps you from dementia and short-term amnesia. In addition, in terms of diet you can also try, fill the nutrition for the brain to be more healthy and sharp.

6. Can Remember Something From Smell

Another fact of memory is its uniqueness in recognizing a memory through the smell of something. Whether it smells good or smells bad, for example when you recognize someone, you must first remember the smell of the perfume. Habits of people who use perfume will be remembered by others. Or when you smell the aroma of coffee, you will definitely want to drink coffee in one of your subscription stores.

This can occur because the olfactory nerve is located so close to the amygdala organ. The amygdala is an area of the brain that is connected with an experience and memory that involves feelings and emotions.

So about the examples of facts about human memory according to Psychology, hopefully the explanation above can increase your knowledge of the privileges of your memory. And better appreciate your current and past memories.

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Examples of Mental Processes in Psychology

Mental processes in psychology include everything related to information, and also stimuli that can be accepted by our senses also with the mind which in this case also can produce output, and also produce a positive response. So if we treat this, it will be related to cognitive psychology. In it there are various factors that we can associate with a mental as well as information.

 A Reed expert, Stephen K said that cognitive psychology in it studies in-depth matters relating to perceptions, attention, and also memory, problem solving, and also a person's way of dealing with a problem and how the decision-making process in it.

 In the psychological process, there is also something that can be defined by attention which is a condition that is usually given in a perceptual information In it there is a key to a mental process that can be distributed in several respects, for example, the effort on the human brain that can receive information on an ongoing basis with only a little information that can get the process of attention in this matter. Some examples of mental processes in psychology.

1. Can make decisions

In the science of psychology, mental processes will indeed be very closely related to one's desire to do something, for example regarding the process of making a decision. In this case, a strong and high mentality is needed so that a good and correct decision can be made.

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2. Motivation

Motivation in the science of developmental psychology will indeed be urgently needed, and in this case also relates to a gift of support to someone who is experiencing a period where he is in a state of deterioration, for example the mental processes in the development of this one are really needed.

3. Positive thinking

Role of positive relationship behavior is indeed very much-needed in this case, so that in the delivery process it must be done very well. Positive thinking also needs to be owned by everyone, so that in this case you can know more about good things to do and things that don't need to be done.

4. Communication

Communication is something that is very important, especially in mental processes, in this case also related to a person's ability to live in his social environment.

 That social psychology in the example of this one mental process will indeed be closely related.

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Implementation of Self Control in Behavior Modification

In psychology there is self management, which if we interpret it is a type of model of self-management therapy, in which case it involves itself as well as an agreement contract. Self management or better known as self-management can indeed be linked in a strategy in changing a behavior, which for its own purposes is more directed to the way a person behaves.

We also need to know, everyone certainly has a name for freedom, in this case freedom can actualize oneself that requires a regulation or what is called an impulse in carrying out actions spontaneously.

Self control or self control is indeed a way that can be done in developing and also using individuals and processes in life. In this case there is also the application of psychological effects that lead to the negative side as well as the positive side, as well as self control which is included in a modification of social behavior as well as politics and the existence of work behavior.

All of this can affect self-control towards the emergence of a behavior that can be said to be quite large. For more details, we will explain the following about applying self control in behavior modification.

1. Provide clear goals regarding the direction of the goal

The purpose of self control is indeed a very important thing, where in this case we have to know more and also understand about how to personalize a person. But beforehand we also had to understand far more about someone's self management. The purpose of this is to understand more about things that lead to changes in good behavior, as in the example of behavior change in tradition as a result.

2. Able to deal with various situations

We can see the application of other self control from how much a person is able to deal with various situations he experiences himself. In this case we can see how the person is able to give an explanation of things related to situations that can make it lead to the goal of a calmer situation, or vice versa in the face of something instead seems unable to calm himself. So the kinds of approaches in psychology seem to have an important role in this matter.

3. Provide a sense of trust in himself

In applying self control in behavior modification, the next thing we need to pay attention to is about how the person can give a sense of trust in himself. This method can also be associated with providing self-confidence or a way of therapy that can be forced as a whole or because of pressure from others. This method can also greatly affect results that cause various psychological impacts and can also be more threatening, as can be linked to individual behavior in a social context that is easily found in society.

4. Can provide a stimulus in changing behavior patterns

This action can be called a method or therapy carried out, but with the aim of being able to become a much better person. The influence of self control will also be directly seen by the various changes that occur, starting from the basic mental strength and also the change in attitude that occurs, so that for the psychological aspects of behavior carried out by someone can be associated with his personal life.

5. Can easily overcome frustration and also various emotional outbursts

A person who can reach himself or control his frustration as well as the emotions within him, of course, can be said that he has good self control. This action is also carried out in order to give positive things to himself, so that he can easily deal with various situations that occur within himself. The nature of this behavior modification is also one of the longest applied methods.

6. Able to delay self-satisfaction

The application of self control in other behavioral modifications can be seen from the way a person is in delaying satisfaction for himself. By regulating the behavior that occurs, this method can also be achieved with things that are easy in the community. So that with a person's ability to delay satisfaction for himself it can be said that the person has been able to control himself.

7. Provide a stimulus for changing mindset

Various therapies have indeed been carried out, one self-control can be applied by providing various existing stimulus. The results will not be immediately visible, but by changing the mindset and providing various stimuli, in this case it can be associated with various aspects of psychology in how to behave daily.

8. Have a high initiative for himself

One way to apply the next self control is to look at the way someone is able to make an initiative for himself. This method does look easy, but to start requires a variety of special attention which is indeed not easy, especially in finding various problem solving which really requires initiative from itself, so thinking as effectively as possible is indeed a very appropriate way.

Also Read (CLASSICAL THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)

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HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY : Effect of Technology on Human Behavior

technology and humanity

Technology has a quite important role in life and also human behavior, where technology is interpreted as the application of a science that can be linked in terms of communication, so technology does have a connection between community life and its relationship with others.

Technology does have a very important role for human life, where its influence can also affect human behavior. We have seen dependence on technology very often from various examples of everyday life, one of which is dependence on the internet and also computers. The influence of gadgets on children's psychology has a variety of adverse effects and also makes human behavior not good.


Technology can also be likened to a process, where in that case it is necessary to do various processes and also significant components. For example rigers (1986) which defines that communication technology is a hard tool, organizational structure and social values ​​used to collect, process and also exchange information with others. Like the use of Information Systems in psychology which is also still related to technology. For more details in this article we will discuss various technological influences on human behavior.

Also Read (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)

1. The emergence of a culture of plagiarism

Indirectly the technology will indeed make us find various sources or things very easily through the internet. Where this will further simplify and lead to a culture of plagiarism. Of course this is not good for the progress of the nation's children who can easily do plagiarism very easily, and that certainly will bring great results too.

2. The emergence of adult content easily

Before the advent of easy access to technology such as the internet, it was not so easy to access various adult content. It is clearly different from now, where we will be much easier to access various content and it will certainly be very dangerous for the mentality of the nation's children, which will affect people's behavior patterns in a bad direction.

3. Ease of fraud through the internet

The internet can trigger many scams that can be done through cyberspace. The influence of this technology will certainly have an adverse effect on the behavior patterns of the surrounding community. Where with technology can actually make it easier for fraudsters to carry out their actions online. Which of course will be very detrimental to the community later in the future.

4. Technology can make a community positive

The influence of technology on human behavior not only has a negative impact, but it can also have a positive impact, one of which can make a community or group that leads to a positive direction. For example, the buying and selling community on Facebook can certainly be used as a very good internet marketing container. Besides that, it can also gather various communities that share the same hobby, where besides being able to establish friendship and also can make a distinct advantage for fans or hobby owners alike.

5. Impacts on waste

The presence of internet technology can certainly make someone who was not consumptive to be much more consumptive, where the convenience of online shopping now does make everyone easy with the presence of online stores. Shopping can also be done very easily because of the presence of the internet, but this will actually lead to more wasteful nature and also a consumptive lifestyle for someone.

6. Doing work easier

Technology can also bring other positive impacts, one of which is the presence of this technology, our work will feel much easier and helped. Technology can also make the life of a nation more developed and not outdated and the presence of technology will greatly help the work of others.

7. Reducing human resources

The presence of technology can make human resources much less. Where sophisticated tools can now be easily created and made, moreover they can replace human work as well, so that they can lead to unemployment, of course this will have a very negative impact on one's life.

Read (How Psychology Came to Be What It Is Today)

8. Ease of making transactions

The presence of technology can certainly greatly facilitate us to conduct transactions in business. Where in making payments we do not need to come directly to the place of payment, and only by making transactions that rely on current technology can all payment processes be easily carried out. This of course can also have a positive impact on business progress.

9. Reducing social character


The influence of technology on other human behavior is that it can bring change to others, especially with the internet, someone is even more cool with his world, compared to the social life or real life that is in front of him. This certainly will have an impact on his social life in his environment, especially in family psychology and also the social psychological life around him.

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(INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)

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Process of Social Change in Community Psychology

Community psychology is based on concern for the relationship between the social system and the well-being of individuals in the context of the community. Community psychologists are engaged in a series of mental and social health problems through research and intervention in the public and private fields in the community environment. A community psychologist might find himself doing many roles in a wide range of backgrounds and substantive areas. They try to prevent problems even before they start, focus on problems simultaneously, care about the issues of social regulation and control, by increasing positive characteristics and the ability to overcome minority social groups, children and the elderly.

That's why social change in community psychology is closely related. People are involved and participate in social change more than ever in the present. Both elite forces and community psychologists have roles that involve changes in social structure in communities and groups. Community psychologists can operate as agents of effective social change, but they must be more vigilant, have the ability and be able to bear the possible effects of social design made by parties threatened by change.

Discussion on Social Change
Society consisting of a group of people will surely experience various kinds of changes that can cover various fields such as behavior patterns in organizations, structures in social institutions, changes in society, changes in power and authority in society, changes in social interactions and so on, including values ​​and social norms. According to Kingsley Davis, social change is a change that occurs in structure and function in society. Whereas Selo Soemardjan affirmed that changes in institutions within a community will also influence the social system including values, attitudes and behavior patterns that exist among community groups.

Social change can take the form of changes that are slow or fast, small or large, desired changes or unintentional or unwanted. Factors that cause social change in the psychology of the community can come from within and outside the community itself. Addition or reduction of population, the existence of new discoveries, conflicts in society, the existence of rebellions or revolutions in society are some of the causal factors originating from within. While the factors of social change in community psychology include those originating from the physical environment around humans, the occurrence of wars with other countries. And also due to the influence of culture from other communities. Some of the causes that influence social change in community psychology include:

Change Factor

The process of social change in community psychology will take place well if it gets the factors that support its progress. Factors that contribute to the progress of the change process include:

• Contact with other cultures
• Progress of the education system
• Appreciation of one's work and also the desire to progress
• There is tolerance for deviant actions in society
• Open community system
• Population heterogeneity
• There is public dissatisfaction in certain fields
• Future orientation
• Values ​​that improve people's lives
• Inhibiting Factors of Change

Conversely, the process of social change in community psychology can also be hampered to cause the process is not smooth due to certain factors, including:

• Lack of links with other communities
• The delay in the development of science
• Traditional people
• The existence of vested interests
• The fear that cultural integration will falter
• Prejudice against things that are alien or new
• Barriers to ideological differences, habits and values.

Also read (Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology)

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Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology

Forms of Social Change in Community Psychology

Because community psychologists often work on social issues, they often also work towards positive social change. The role of community psychology in applied psychology is part of the history of community psychology that needs to be known and cannot be separated. Watzlawik (1974) distinguishes between first order and second order change which often becomes a focus in the field of community psychology. The researchers revealed limitations to community psychology in the form of ecological aspects, cultural relations and diversity as well as focusing on social change /

• First Order Change - Positive change of individuals continuously in a certain setting or situation that aims to correct the problem that occurs, but the structure does not change. This aspect deals with existing structures, doing things more or less, and involves restoring balance.
• Second Order Change - Trying to adjust individuals with systems and structures involved in a problem, in other words, to match someone with their environment. The process of changing this system will take place qualitatively and intermittently. This aspect is in the form of creating new ways to look at things in full. The process requires new learning and often starts in informal systems.

An example of the difference between these two methods can be seen in one case that first order change will try to give a solution not to the immediate problem. Whereas second order change will change the relationship between individuals in the background of their daily lives in hopes. Things that need to be considered in the community approach are:

• Emphasis on the effects of social support and social pressure in society, as well as preventive and self-help measures.
• Pay attention to local empowerment and the importance of diversity and relations in culture. Also know about the benefits of studying sociology in psychology, the relationship of psychology to sociology, and the benefits of studying sociology which will still be related to the field of psychology.
• Emphasis on the community regarding personal abilities and strength as prevention of diseases and weaknesses.
• The community perspective emphasizes the research function that not only functions as a theory development, but also to emphasize policy and program evaluation and analysis, as well as for the development of society and science.

The community approach basically does not place or emphasize the disturbance that occurs in individuals and does not blame the environment entirely, but emphasizes the focus on the interactions of people and their environment. The goal is to reduce problems for individuals and empower individuals and groups to better adapt to the situation. That's where the importance of aspects of social change in community psychology. The real role of community psychology is to conduct research that aims to identify community problems and analyze them, create patterns for social services, evaluate certain social programs, examine community attitudes, and actively participate in social development programs by designing social environments that will minimize the difficulty of adjustment.

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PSYCHOLOGY TODAY: Community Psychology

Community Psychology.-This branch of psychology is a way of approaching mental health that emphasizes the role and power of the environment in creating or reducing problems. The core of learning community psychology is the interaction of people and their environment, giving identification of the role and power of the environment that can create and reduce problems for individuals and then focus on empowering individuals and groups to adjust to the situation. In conclusion, community psychology is one branch of psychology that discusses how the role of the environment in creating or reducing problems in individuals. Basically community psychology is related to the relationship between the social system, the welfare and health of individuals and society. Find out the purpose of interventions in community psychology, the role of clinical psychology in community psychology and the relationship of community psychology with clinical psychology.

The purpose of community psychology can be seen from the area that is formed in the activity of helping or increasing the ability of individuals who do not have the strength of the social community, in other words, namely:

Develop resources for minorities. Also helps individuals to take control of their lives and environment, which in turn will help individuals to develop a psychological sense of community.

Designing, managing and directing planned social changes to achieve prosperity.

Organize, organize and implement various planned changes.

Community psychology uses two standards to analyze the position of individuals in their own communities, namely as agents or actors in their communities, where the community functions as a place for the appearance of individual behavior and places of interaction that can support or inhibit. The second benchmark is the object of the life of the community where the community functions as a place of change - changes in the quality of the individual.

Intervention Methods in Community Psychology

Intervention methods need to be done in every attempt at social change and community approaches to maximize the results. These methods include:

• Way of consultation by inviting people who have a big influence and have a big role in the community to assist in discussing problems in the community, it is useful to reach more and wider communities.
• Conduct community services in lieu of official services.
• Intervene in crises by providing assistance and support to people who are experiencing a crisis.
• Intervene at an early age in the community.

Various basic approaches are carried out in community psychology towards social system change, namely:

• Introducing individual growth and development to prevent problems with mental and social health.
• Make a format for appropriate interventions and can be used quickly when the intervention is very necessary.

• Open the possibility for those who have had problems to get a good life and get support from their community or can live in a place that will receive it and provide support.

also read 

Process of Social Change in Community Psychology

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Altruism Theory in Social Psychology

The theory of Altruism is voluntary action by individuals or groups of people to help others without expecting anything in return (except perhaps feeling has done good). With this definition, whether it is an act of kindness or not, it depends on the purpose of the helper.

For example, after helping a fire victim, the helper disappears without being identified, is an act of kindness. This action in the world of psychology is called the Altruism Theory in Social Psychology, here is a full explanation.

Altruism Theory explains an unselfish concern for the needs of others. So, there are three components in Altruism Theory, namely loving others, helping them doing their time of need, and making sure that they are appreciated.

Baston (2002) in (Carr, 2004), Altruism Theory is a response

which creates positive feelings, such as empathy. Altruistic individuals have a good motivation, a desire to always help others. Motivation of goodness arises because there are internal reasons in him that give rise to a positive feeling so that it can bring up actions to help others.

Concept

Three concepts that can explain the motivation of individuals to behave in the theory of Altruism are as follows:

• Social exchange

In this concept, helpful actions can be explained by the reciprocal social exchange (reward rewards). Altruism Theory explains that motivational reward rewards are inner reward (distress). An example is satisfaction to help or a difficult situation (guilt) to help.

• Social Norms

One reason to help others is because it is based on "something" that tells us to "have to" help. "Something" is a social norm. In the Altruism Theory, social norms can be explained by the existence of social responsibility.

The existence of social responsibility, can cause individuals to take helpful actions because they are needed and without expecting future rewards.

• Evolutionary Psychology

In this concept, it is explained that the point of life is to maintain offspring. Behavior The theory of Altruism can emerge (easily) if the "other person" who will be prospered is the same person (one characteristic). For example: individuals help people who are exactly the same as their families, neighbors, and so on.

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INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Edward L. Thorndike 

Instrumental Conditioning Theory

Learning Theory in the next Psychology is instrumental conditioning. Other types of learning have many similarities to the types of learning with classical conditioning as above, referred to as instrumental conditioning or operant conditioning. The operant term derived from English refers to how an organism operates in an environment. Therefore, instrumental conditioning comes from how an individual responds to what is faced in his environment. This can be simplified as the thought that learning is a natural result of our actions.

In instrumental conditioning itself is divided into 2 types, namely:

The strength of a behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior itself such as reward or punishment
This behavior is controlled by its predecessor, referred to as a discriminatory stimulus, which then gives rise to a response
Although instrumental conditioning and classical conditioning are both controlled by stimuli originating from the environment, both are different things.

In instrumental conditioning, a stimulus arises when a behavior is rewarded or punished which functions to control that behavior. For example, a child will learn to open a box or jar to pick up candy that is in it, or learn not to hold a hot stove. In this example, boxes or jars and stoves are discriminatory stimuli.

Meanwhile in classical conditioning, a stimulus that indicates a particular event will cause reflexive behavior. An example is the sound of a slamming door indicating the anger of a parent that makes a child tremble.

Edward L. Thorndike 

Intensive research on instrumental conditioning was carried out by Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) who studied and observed the behavior of cats who tried to remove themselves from a puzzle box that they made themselves. A cat can pull itself out of a box with a simple response such as pulling a rope or pushing a pole, but when the first time he is inside the box, a cat will take longer to get out.

With repeated experiments, ineffective responses to exclusion from the city become more rare and on the contrary effective resonations become more frequent, so the cat can come out in a shorter time.

Thorndike then concluded in his theory, namely the law of effect which states that behavior followed by pleasant effects tends to be repeated and that gives unpleasant consequences more likely not to be repeated or avoided. In short, some consequences will reinforce a behavior and some will weaken behavior. By measuring the time to get out of the box compared to the number of trials, Thorndike produced the first animal learning curve ever made with this procedure.


Humans seem to learn a lot of simple behaviors through the learning process as researched by Thorndike. In this case, responses are maintained when they give satisfactory results and are abandoned or discarded when they do not produce satisfactory results or unwanted results. This usually happens unplanned by any teacher, but instrumental conditioning has been used by parents in educating their children since thousands of years ago.

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